396
N. Kumari et al.
device and the recombination of charges on the surface is one of the major reasons to
reduce PCE of PSC (Yang et al. 2019; Seo et al. 2019). The surface charge recombination is significantly reduced by using uniform, dense, and smooth perovskite layer
in PSC as it increases the concentration of charges (Kumari et al. 2018). The highly
efficient devices usually utilize TiO 2 layer (n-type), spiro-OMeTAD (p-type), and a
metal back contact to form n-i-p PSC (Chen et al. 2019). Despite these advances,
PSCs have not still become commercialized due to device stability, poor film morphology, low PCE (Rehman et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2015). Spin coating technique
is one of the most common and cost-effective methods to prepare and control the
morphology of perovskites light absorber layer. The major independent parameters
associated with spin coating technology that helps to improve the quality of MAPbX 3
films are the precursor ratio (PbX 2 :MAX), spinning speed, and annealing temperature. Xie et al. (2016) and Zhang et al. (2017) have studied the effect of precursor
ratio whereas Dualeh et al. (2014) have reported the effect of annealing temperature
detail. The simultaneous effect of all these parameters is yet to be reported. So, a
study on the effect major deposition parameters on the device efficiency is focused
in this paper.
RSM is a cost-effective and dominant optimization technique used to get a relation between process parameters (independent variables) and responses (dependent
variables). RSM has gained recognition because it reduces the workload as well
as production cost by optimizing the process parameters (Biira et al. 2017). RSM
utilizes mathematical and statistical techniques that make it more efficient than the
other conventional optimization techniques (Jambo et al. 2019). Up to now, there was
no detailed improvement inquire about that utilized RSM programming to optimize
the processing parameters of spin coater during the synthesis of MAPbI 3 film for the
application in PSCs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the synthesis of MAPbI 3
films by optimizing the deposition parameters of spin coater using Box–Behnken
design (BBD) (3
3 ) response surface designs. The prepared and optimized MAPbI 3
films were applied in PSCs fabrication to enhance device efficiency. Previously optimized ZnO (Kumari et al. 2017, 2018) and TiO 2 (Kumari et al. 2018) films were
used as bilayer electron transport layer during device fabrication in this study. The
range of precursor ratio (PbI 2 :MAI), spin speed, annealing temperature were kept as
(1:2–1:4), (2000–3000 rpm), and (60–100 °C), respectively, to evaluate their effect
on PCE of PSC.
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Material
All chemicals are obtained from Sigma-Aldrich except if expressed and utilized
without further purification.
N. Kumari et al.
device and the recombination of charges on the surface is one of the major reasons to
reduce PCE of PSC (Yang et al. 2019; Seo et al. 2019). The surface charge recombination is significantly reduced by using uniform, dense, and smooth perovskite layer
in PSC as it increases the concentration of charges (Kumari et al. 2018). The highly
efficient devices usually utilize TiO 2 layer (n-type), spiro-OMeTAD (p-type), and a
metal back contact to form n-i-p PSC (Chen et al. 2019). Despite these advances,
PSCs have not still become commercialized due to device stability, poor film morphology, low PCE (Rehman et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2015). Spin coating technique
is one of the most common and cost-effective methods to prepare and control the
morphology of perovskites light absorber layer. The major independent parameters
associated with spin coating technology that helps to improve the quality of MAPbX 3
films are the precursor ratio (PbX 2 :MAX), spinning speed, and annealing temperature. Xie et al. (2016) and Zhang et al. (2017) have studied the effect of precursor
ratio whereas Dualeh et al. (2014) have reported the effect of annealing temperature
detail. The simultaneous effect of all these parameters is yet to be reported. So, a
study on the effect major deposition parameters on the device efficiency is focused
in this paper.
RSM is a cost-effective and dominant optimization technique used to get a relation between process parameters (independent variables) and responses (dependent
variables). RSM has gained recognition because it reduces the workload as well
as production cost by optimizing the process parameters (Biira et al. 2017). RSM
utilizes mathematical and statistical techniques that make it more efficient than the
other conventional optimization techniques (Jambo et al. 2019). Up to now, there was
no detailed improvement inquire about that utilized RSM programming to optimize
the processing parameters of spin coater during the synthesis of MAPbI 3 film for the
application in PSCs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the synthesis of MAPbI 3
films by optimizing the deposition parameters of spin coater using Box–Behnken
design (BBD) (3
3 ) response surface designs. The prepared and optimized MAPbI 3
films were applied in PSCs fabrication to enhance device efficiency. Previously optimized ZnO (Kumari et al. 2017, 2018) and TiO 2 (Kumari et al. 2018) films were
used as bilayer electron transport layer during device fabrication in this study. The
range of precursor ratio (PbI 2 :MAI), spin speed, annealing temperature were kept as
(1:2–1:4), (2000–3000 rpm), and (60–100 °C), respectively, to evaluate their effect
on PCE of PSC.
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Material
All chemicals are obtained from Sigma-Aldrich except if expressed and utilized
without further purification.