xviii
Contents
14.5.3 32-Bit Microcontrollers
590
14.6
Interfacing Peripheral Devices with a Microcontroller
592
14.6.1 Interfacing LEDs
592
14.6.2 Interfacing Electromechanical Relays
593
14.6.3 Interfacing Keyboards
594
14.6.4 Interfacing Seven-Segment Displays
596
14.6.5 Interfacing LCD Displays
598
14.6.6 Interfacing A/D Converters
600
14.6.7 Interfacing D/A Converters
600
Review Questions
602
Problems
602
Further Reading
603
15 Computer Fundamentals
605
15.1
Anatomy of a Computer
605
15.1.1 Central Processing Unit
605
15.1.2 Memory
606
15.1.3 Input/Output Ports
607
15.2
A Computer System
607
15.3
Types of Computer System
607
15.3.1 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Applications
607
15.3.2 Classification of Computers on the Basis of the Technology Used
608
15.3.3 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity
609
15.4
Computer Memory
610
15.4.1 Primary Memory
611
15.5
Random Access Memory
612
15.5.1 Static RAM
612
15.5.2 Dynamic RAM
619
15.5.3 RAM Applications
622
15.6
Read Only Memory
622
15.6.1 ROM Architecture
623
15.6.2 Types of ROM
624
15.6.3 Applications of ROMs
629
15.7
Expanding Memory Capacity
632
15.7.1 Word Size Expansion
632
15.7.2 Memory Location Expansion
634
15.8
Input and Output Ports
637
15.8.1 Serial Ports
638
15.8.2 Parallel Ports
640
15.8.3 Internal Buses
642
15.9
Input/Output Devices
642
15.9.1 Input Devices
643
15.9.2 Output Devices
643
15.10 Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Storage
645
15.10.1 Magnetic Storage Devices
645
15.10.2 Magneto-Optical Storage Devices
648
15.10.3 Optical Storage Devices
648
15.10.4 USB Flash Drive
650