xiv
Contents
11 Counters and Registers
411
11.1
Ripple (Asynchronous) Counter
411
11.1.1
Propagation Delay in Ripple Counters
412
11.2
Synchronous Counter
413
11.3
Modulus of a Counter
413
11.4
Binary Ripple Counter – Operational Basics
413
11.4.1
Binary Ripple Counters with a Modulus of Less than 2
N
416
11.4.2
Ripple Counters in IC Form
418
11.5
Synchronous (or Parallel) Counters
423
11.6
UP/DOWN Counters
425
11.7
Decade and BCD Counters
426
11.8
Presettable Counters
426
11.8.1
Variable Modulus with Presettable Counters
428
11.9
Decoding a Counter
428
11.10 Cascading Counters
433
11.10.1 Cascading Binary Counters
433
11.10.2 Cascading BCD Counters
435
11.11 Designing Counters with Arbitrary Sequences
438
11.11.1 Excitation Table of a Flip-Flop
438
11.11.2 State Transition Diagram
439
11.11.3 Design Procedure
439
11.12 Shift Register
447
11.12.1 Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register
449
11.12.2 Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register
452
11.12.3 Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register
452
11.12.4 Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register
453
11.12.5 Bidirectional Shift Register
455
11.12.6 Universal Shift Register
455
11.13 Shift Register Counters
459
11.13.1 Ring Counter
459
11.13.2 Shift Counter
460
11.14 IEEE/ANSI Symbology for Registers and Counters
464
11.14.1 Counters
464
11.14.2 Registers
466
11.15 Application-Relevant Information
466
Review Questions
466
Problems
469
Further Reading
471
12 Data Conversion Circuits – D/A and A/D Converters
473
12.1
Digital-to-Analogue Converters
473
12.1.1
Simple Resistive Divider Network for D/A Conversion
474
12.1.2
Binary Ladder Network for D/A Conversion
475
12.2
D/A Converter Specifications
476
12.2.1
Resolution
476
12.2.2
Accuracy
477
12.2.3
Conversion Speed or Settling Time
477
12.2.4
Dynamic Range
478