484 References
Su, W., R. L. Woodward, and A. M. Dziewonski (1994) Degree 12 model
of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6945–
80.
Sykes, L. R., and D. M. Davis (1987) The yields of Soviet strategic weapons,
Sci. Am., 256, 29–37.
Sykes, L. R., and S. P. Nishenko (1984) Probabilities of occurrence of
large plate rupturing earthquakes for the San Andreas, San Jacinto,
and Imperial Faults, California, 1983–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5905–
27.
Sykes, L. R., B. E. Shaw, and C. H. Scholz (1999) Rethinking earthquake
prediction, Pure Appl. Geophys., 155, 207–32.
Talandier, J., and E. A. Okal (1979) Human perception of T waves: The June
22, 1977 Tonga earthquake felt on Tahiti, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 69,
1475–86.
Taner, M. T., and F. Kohler (1969) Velocity spectra — digital computer
derivation and application of velocity spectra, Geophysics, 34, 859–81.
Tappin, D., et al. (1999) Sediment slump likely caused Papua New Guinea
tsunami, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 80, 329–34.
Tapponnier, P., G. Peltzer, A. Le Dain, R. Armijo, and P. Cobbold (1982)
Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine, Geology, 10, 611–16.
Tatham, R. (1989) Tau-p filtering, in P. L. Stoffa (ed.), Tau-p, a Plane
Wave Approach to the Analysis of Seismic Data, Kluwer, Dordrecht,
pp. 35–70.
Telford, W. M., L. P. Geldart, R. E. Sheriff, and D. A. Keys (1976) Applied
Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Thatcher, W. (1983) Nonlinear strain buildup and the earthquake cycle on
San Andreas fault, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5893–902.
Thio, H. K., and H. Kanamori (1996) Source complexity of the 1994
Northridge, California, earthquake and its relation to aftershock mechanisms, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, S84–92.
Thurber, C. H., and K. Aki (1987) Three dimensional seismic imaging, Ann.
Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 15, 115–39.
Toomey, D. R., S. C. Solomon, and G. M. Purdy (1988) Microearthquakes
beneath the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 23°N:
Tomography and tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9093–112.
Torge, W. (1991) Geodesy, de Gruyter, Berlin.
Triep, E. G., and L. R. Sykes (1997) Frequency of occurrence of moderate to
great earthquakes in intracontinental regions: Implications for changes in
stress, earthquake prediction, and hazard assessments, J. Geophys. Res.,
102, 9923–48.
Tromp, J. (1993) Support for anisotropy of the Earth’s inner core from free
oscillations, Nature, 366, 678–81.
Tsai, Y.-B., and K. Aki (1970) Precise focal depth determination from amplitude spectra of surface waves, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 5729–43.
Tse, S. T., and J. R. Rice (1986) Crustal earthquake instability in relation to
the depth variation of frictional slip properties, J. Geophys. Res., 91,
9452–72.
Turcotte, D. L. (1991) Earthquake prediction, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.,
19, 263–82.
Turcotte, D. L. (1992) Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert (1982) Geodynamics: applications of
continuum physics to geological problems, John Wiley, New York.
Udias, A. (1999) Principles of Seismology, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Usselman, T. N. (1975) Experimental approach to the state of the core, I:
The liquidus relations of the Fe-rich portion of the Fe-Ni-S system from
30 to 100 kb, Am. J. Sci., 275, 291–303.
Uyeda, S. (1978) The New View of the Earth, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
van der Hilst, R. D., and W. Spakman (1989) Importance of the reference
model in linearized tomography and images of subduction below the
Caribbean plate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1093–6.
van der Hilst, R. D., S. Widiyantoro, K. C. Creager, and T. J. McSweeney
(1998) Deep subduction and aspherical variations in P-wavespeed at the
base of earth’s mantle, in M. Gurnis, M. E. Wysession, E. Knittle, and
B. Buffett (eds), The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Am. Geophys. Un.,
Washington, DC, pp. 5–20.
van der Lee, S., and G. Nolet (1997) Upper mantle S velocity structure of
North America, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22,815–38.
Vassiliou, M. S. (1984) The state of stress in subducting slabs as revealed by
earthquakes analysed by moment tensor inversion, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
69, 195–202.
Vassiliou, M. S., B. H. Hager, and A. Raefsky (1984) The distribution of
earthquakes with depth and stress in subducting slabs, J. Geodynam., 1,
11–28.
Vera, E. E., J. C. Mutter, P. Buhl, J. A. Orcutt, A. J. Harding, M. E. Kappus,
R. S. Detrick, and T. M. Brocher (1990) The structure of 0–0.2-m.y.-old
oceanic crust at 9°N on the East Pacific Rise from expanded spread profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 15,529–56.
Verhoogen, J. (1980) Energetics of the Earth, National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, DC.
Vidale, J. E., and H. M. Benz (1992) Upper-mantle seismic discontinuities
and the thermal structure of subduction zones, Nature, 356, 678–83.
Von Huene, R., L. D. Kulm, and J. Miller (1985) Structure of the frontal part
of the Andean continental margin, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5429–42.
Walck, M. C. (1984) The P-wave upper mantle structure beneath an active
spreading center: The Gulf of California, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 76,
697–723.
Wald, D. J., H. Kanamori, D. V. Helmberger, and T. H. Heaton (1993)
Source study of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,
83, 981–1019.
Wald, D. J., T. H. Heaton, and K. Hudnut (1996) The slip history of the 1994
Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion,
teleseismic, GPS, and leveling data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, S49–70.
Wallace, T. C. (1985) A reexamination of the moment tensor solutions of the
1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,171–6.
Wallace, T. C., A. Velasco, J. Zhang, and T. Lay (1991) Broadband seismological investigation of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc.
Am., 81, 1622–46.
Ward, P. D., and D. Brownlee (2000) Rare Earth, Copernicus Press, New
York.
Ward, S. (1989) Tsunamis, in D. E. James (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Solid
Earth Geophysics, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, pp. 1279–92.
Waters, K. H. (1981) Reflection Seismology: a tool for energy resource exploration, John Wiley, New York.
Weber, J., S. Stein, and J. Engeln (1998) Estimation of strain accumulation
in the New Madrid seismic zone from repeat Global Positioning System
surveys, Tectonics, 17, 250–66.
Weertman, J., and J. R. Weertman (1975) High temperature creep of rock
and mantle viscosity, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 3, 293–315.
Weidner, D. J. (1986) Mantle model based on measured physical properties
of minerals, in S. K. Saxena (ed.), Chemistry and Physics of Terrestrial
Planets, Advances in Physical Geochemistry, 6, Springer-Verlag, New
York, pp. 251–74.
Wells, D. L., and K. J. Coppersmith (1994) New empirical relations among
magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area and surface displacement, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 974–1002.
Widmer, R., G. Masters, and F. Gilbert (1992) Observably-split multiplets
a data analysis and interpretation in terms of large-scale aspherical structure, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 111, 559–76.
Wiegel, R. L. (ed.) (1970) Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Wiemer, S., and M. Wyss (1997) Mapping the frequency-magnitude distribution in asperities: An improved technique to calculate recurrence
times?, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,115–28.
Su, W., R. L. Woodward, and A. M. Dziewonski (1994) Degree 12 model
of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6945–
80.
Sykes, L. R., and D. M. Davis (1987) The yields of Soviet strategic weapons,
Sci. Am., 256, 29–37.
Sykes, L. R., and S. P. Nishenko (1984) Probabilities of occurrence of
large plate rupturing earthquakes for the San Andreas, San Jacinto,
and Imperial Faults, California, 1983–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5905–
27.
Sykes, L. R., B. E. Shaw, and C. H. Scholz (1999) Rethinking earthquake
prediction, Pure Appl. Geophys., 155, 207–32.
Talandier, J., and E. A. Okal (1979) Human perception of T waves: The June
22, 1977 Tonga earthquake felt on Tahiti, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 69,
1475–86.
Taner, M. T., and F. Kohler (1969) Velocity spectra — digital computer
derivation and application of velocity spectra, Geophysics, 34, 859–81.
Tappin, D., et al. (1999) Sediment slump likely caused Papua New Guinea
tsunami, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 80, 329–34.
Tapponnier, P., G. Peltzer, A. Le Dain, R. Armijo, and P. Cobbold (1982)
Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine, Geology, 10, 611–16.
Tatham, R. (1989) Tau-p filtering, in P. L. Stoffa (ed.), Tau-p, a Plane
Wave Approach to the Analysis of Seismic Data, Kluwer, Dordrecht,
pp. 35–70.
Telford, W. M., L. P. Geldart, R. E. Sheriff, and D. A. Keys (1976) Applied
Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Thatcher, W. (1983) Nonlinear strain buildup and the earthquake cycle on
San Andreas fault, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5893–902.
Thio, H. K., and H. Kanamori (1996) Source complexity of the 1994
Northridge, California, earthquake and its relation to aftershock mechanisms, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, S84–92.
Thurber, C. H., and K. Aki (1987) Three dimensional seismic imaging, Ann.
Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 15, 115–39.
Toomey, D. R., S. C. Solomon, and G. M. Purdy (1988) Microearthquakes
beneath the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 23°N:
Tomography and tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9093–112.
Torge, W. (1991) Geodesy, de Gruyter, Berlin.
Triep, E. G., and L. R. Sykes (1997) Frequency of occurrence of moderate to
great earthquakes in intracontinental regions: Implications for changes in
stress, earthquake prediction, and hazard assessments, J. Geophys. Res.,
102, 9923–48.
Tromp, J. (1993) Support for anisotropy of the Earth’s inner core from free
oscillations, Nature, 366, 678–81.
Tsai, Y.-B., and K. Aki (1970) Precise focal depth determination from amplitude spectra of surface waves, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 5729–43.
Tse, S. T., and J. R. Rice (1986) Crustal earthquake instability in relation to
the depth variation of frictional slip properties, J. Geophys. Res., 91,
9452–72.
Turcotte, D. L. (1991) Earthquake prediction, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.,
19, 263–82.
Turcotte, D. L. (1992) Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert (1982) Geodynamics: applications of
continuum physics to geological problems, John Wiley, New York.
Udias, A. (1999) Principles of Seismology, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Usselman, T. N. (1975) Experimental approach to the state of the core, I:
The liquidus relations of the Fe-rich portion of the Fe-Ni-S system from
30 to 100 kb, Am. J. Sci., 275, 291–303.
Uyeda, S. (1978) The New View of the Earth, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
van der Hilst, R. D., and W. Spakman (1989) Importance of the reference
model in linearized tomography and images of subduction below the
Caribbean plate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1093–6.
van der Hilst, R. D., S. Widiyantoro, K. C. Creager, and T. J. McSweeney
(1998) Deep subduction and aspherical variations in P-wavespeed at the
base of earth’s mantle, in M. Gurnis, M. E. Wysession, E. Knittle, and
B. Buffett (eds), The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Am. Geophys. Un.,
Washington, DC, pp. 5–20.
van der Lee, S., and G. Nolet (1997) Upper mantle S velocity structure of
North America, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22,815–38.
Vassiliou, M. S. (1984) The state of stress in subducting slabs as revealed by
earthquakes analysed by moment tensor inversion, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
69, 195–202.
Vassiliou, M. S., B. H. Hager, and A. Raefsky (1984) The distribution of
earthquakes with depth and stress in subducting slabs, J. Geodynam., 1,
11–28.
Vera, E. E., J. C. Mutter, P. Buhl, J. A. Orcutt, A. J. Harding, M. E. Kappus,
R. S. Detrick, and T. M. Brocher (1990) The structure of 0–0.2-m.y.-old
oceanic crust at 9°N on the East Pacific Rise from expanded spread profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 15,529–56.
Verhoogen, J. (1980) Energetics of the Earth, National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, DC.
Vidale, J. E., and H. M. Benz (1992) Upper-mantle seismic discontinuities
and the thermal structure of subduction zones, Nature, 356, 678–83.
Von Huene, R., L. D. Kulm, and J. Miller (1985) Structure of the frontal part
of the Andean continental margin, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5429–42.
Walck, M. C. (1984) The P-wave upper mantle structure beneath an active
spreading center: The Gulf of California, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 76,
697–723.
Wald, D. J., H. Kanamori, D. V. Helmberger, and T. H. Heaton (1993)
Source study of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,
83, 981–1019.
Wald, D. J., T. H. Heaton, and K. Hudnut (1996) The slip history of the 1994
Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion,
teleseismic, GPS, and leveling data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, S49–70.
Wallace, T. C. (1985) A reexamination of the moment tensor solutions of the
1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,171–6.
Wallace, T. C., A. Velasco, J. Zhang, and T. Lay (1991) Broadband seismological investigation of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc.
Am., 81, 1622–46.
Ward, P. D., and D. Brownlee (2000) Rare Earth, Copernicus Press, New
York.
Ward, S. (1989) Tsunamis, in D. E. James (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Solid
Earth Geophysics, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, pp. 1279–92.
Waters, K. H. (1981) Reflection Seismology: a tool for energy resource exploration, John Wiley, New York.
Weber, J., S. Stein, and J. Engeln (1998) Estimation of strain accumulation
in the New Madrid seismic zone from repeat Global Positioning System
surveys, Tectonics, 17, 250–66.
Weertman, J., and J. R. Weertman (1975) High temperature creep of rock
and mantle viscosity, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 3, 293–315.
Weidner, D. J. (1986) Mantle model based on measured physical properties
of minerals, in S. K. Saxena (ed.), Chemistry and Physics of Terrestrial
Planets, Advances in Physical Geochemistry, 6, Springer-Verlag, New
York, pp. 251–74.
Wells, D. L., and K. J. Coppersmith (1994) New empirical relations among
magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area and surface displacement, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 974–1002.
Widmer, R., G. Masters, and F. Gilbert (1992) Observably-split multiplets
a data analysis and interpretation in terms of large-scale aspherical structure, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 111, 559–76.
Wiegel, R. L. (ed.) (1970) Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Wiemer, S., and M. Wyss (1997) Mapping the frequency-magnitude distribution in asperities: An improved technique to calculate recurrence
times?, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,115–28.