References 483
Sipkin, S. A., and T. H. Jordan (1979) Frequency dependence of Q ScS , Bull.
Seism. Soc. Am., 69, 1055–79.
Sleep, N. H. (1990) Hotspots and mantle plumes: Some phenomenology,
J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6715–36.
Sleep, N. H. (1992) Hotspots and mantle plumes, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet.
Sci., 20, 19–43.
Sleep, N. H., and K. Fujita (1997) Principles of Geophysics, Blackwell,
Malden, MA.
Sleep, N. H., and B. R. Rosendahl (1979) Topography and tectonics of midoceanic ridge axes, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6831–9.
Sloan, M. E. (1980) Introduction to Minicomputers and Microcomputers,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Smith, D. E., and D. L. Turcotte (1993) Contributions of Space Geodesy to
Geodynamics, Geodynamics Ser. 23, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington,
DC.
Smith, R. B., and L. W. Braile (1994) The Yellowstone hotspot, J. Volcan.
Geotherm. Res., 61, 121–87.
Smithson, S. B. (1989) Contrasting types of lower crust, in R. F. Mereu,
S. Mueller and D. M. Fountain (eds), Properties and Processes of
Earth’s Lower Crust, IUGG 6, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC,
pp. 53–63.
Snelson, C. M., T. J. Henstock, G. R. Keller, K. C. Miller, and A. Levander
(1998) Crustal and uppermost mantle structure along the Deep Probe
seismic profile, Rocky Mountain Geology, 33, 181–98.
Snieder, R. K. (2001) A Guided Tour of Mathematical Physics, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Snoke, J. A., I. S. Sacks, and D. E. James (1979) Subduction beneath western
South America: Evidence from converted phases, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc., 59, 219–25.
Solomon, S. C., and N. C. Burr (1979) The relationship of source parameters
of ridge-crest and transform earthquakes to the thermal structure of
oceanic lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 55, 107–26.
Solomon, S. C., and D. R. Toomey (1992) The structure of mid-ocean ridges,
Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 20, 329–64.
Song, X., and D. V. Helmberger (1993) Anisotropy of Earth’s inner core,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2591–4.
Spakman, W., and G. Nolet (1988) Imaging algorithms, accuracy and resolution in delay time tomography, in N. J. Vlaar, G. Nolet, M. J. R. Wortel
and S. A. P. L. Cloetingh (eds), Mathematical Geophysics, Reidel,
Dordrecht, pp. 155–87.
Spakman, W., N. J. Vlaar, and M. J. R. Wortel (1988) The Hellenic
subduction zone: A tomographic image and its geodynamic implications,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 60–3.
Spakman, W., S. Stein, R. van der Hilst, and R. Wortel (1989) Resolution
experiments for NW Pacific subduction zone tomography, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 16, 1097–110.
Spudich, P., and J. Orcutt (1980) A new look at the seismic velocity structure
of the oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18, 627–45.
Stacey, F. D. (1992) Physics of the Earth, 3rd edn, Brookfield Press,
Kenmore, Brisbane.
Stein, C. A., and S. Stein (1992) A model for the global variation in oceanic
depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359, 123–9.
Stein, C. A. and S. Stein (1993) Constraints on Pacific midplate swells from
global depth-age and heat flow-age models, in M. Pringle, W. Sager,
W. Sliter, and S. Stein (eds), The Mesozoic Pacific, Geophysical Monog.
77, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 53–76.
Stein, C. A., S. Stein, and A. M. Pelayo (1995) Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation, in S. Humphris, L. Mullineaux, R. Zierenberg and
R. Thomson (eds), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, Physical, Chemical,
Biological, and Geological Interactions, Geophys. Mono. 91, Am.
Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 425–45.
Stein, R. S. (1999) The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence,
Nature, 402, 605–9.
Stein, R. S., and R. S. Yeats (1989) Hidden earthquakes, Sci. Am., 260,
48–57.
Stein, R. S., G. C. P. King, and J. Lin (1994) Stress triggering of the 1994
M = 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors, Science,
265, 1432–5.
Stein, S. (1978) An earthquake swarm on the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and
its tectonic implications. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 55, 577–88.
Stein, S. (1992) Seismic gaps and grizzly bears, Nature, 356, 387–8.
Stein, S. (1993) Space geodesy and plate motions, in D. E. Smith and D. L.
Turcotte (eds), Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: crustal
dynamics, Geodynamics Series 23, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC,
pp. 5–20.
Stein, S., and R. J. Geller (1978) Time-domain observation and synthesis of split spheroidal and torsional free oscillations of the 1960
Chilean earthquake: Preliminary results, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 68,
325–32.
Stein, S., and R. G. Gordon (1984) Statistical tests of additional plate
boundaries from plate motion inversions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 69,
401–12.
Stein, S., and E. R. Klosko (2002) Earthquake mechanisms and plate
tectonics, in R. A. Meyers (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Physical Science and
Technology, Academic Press, San Diego.
Stein, S., and G. C. Kroeger (1980) Estimating earthquake source parameters
from seismological data, in S. Nemat-Nasser (ed.), Solid Earth Geophysics and Geotechnology, AMD Symp. Ser., 42, Amer. Soc. Mech.
Engin., New York, pp. 61–71.
Stein, S., and A. Pelayo (1991) Seismological constraints on stress in the
oceanic lithosphere, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 337, 53–72.
Stein, S., and D. C. Rubie (1999) Deep earthquakes in real slabs, Science, 286,
909–10.
Stein, S., and C. A. Stein (1996) Thermo-mechanical evolution of
oceanic lithosphere: Implications for the subduction process and
deep earthquakes, in G. E. Bebout, D. W. Scholl, S. H. Kirby and J. P. Platt
(eds), Subduction: top to bottom, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC,
pp. 1–17.
Stein, S., and D. Wiens (1986) Depth determination for shallow teleseismic
earthquakes: Methods and results, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 24, 806–
32.
Stein, S., and D. F. Woods (1989) Seismicity: Midocean ridge, in D. E. James
(ed.), The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, pp. 1050–4.
Stein, S., N. H. Sleep, R. J. Geller, S. C. Wang, and G. C. Kroeger (1979)
Earthquakes along the passive margin of eastern Canada, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 6, 537–40.
Stein, S., J. M. Mills, Jr., and R. J. Geller (1981) Q
−1 models from data space
inversion of fundamental spheroidal mode attenuation measurements, in
Stacey et al. (eds), Anelasticity in the Earth, Geodynamics Series, 4, Am.
Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 39–53.
Stein, S., J. F. Engeln, C. DeMets, R. G. Gordon, D. Woods, P. Lundgren,
D. Agrus, C. Stein, and D. A. Wiens (1986) The Nazca–South America
convergence rate and the recurrence of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 713–16.
Stein, S., S. Cloetingh, N. Sleep, and R. Wortel (1989) Passive margin earthquakes, stresses, and rheology, in S. Gregerson and P. Basham (eds), Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: neotectonics and postglacial
rebound, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 231–60.
Stixrude, L. (1998) Elastic constants and anisotropy of MgSiO 3 perovskite,
periclase, and SiO 2 at high pressure, in M. Gurnis, M. E. Wysession,
E. Knittle and B. Buffett (eds), The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Am.
Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 83–96.
Stixrude, L., and R. E. Cohen (1995) High-pressure elasticity of iron and
anisotropy of Earth’s inner core, Science, 267, 1972–5.
Strahler, A. N. (1969) Physical Geography, John Wiley, New York.
Sipkin, S. A., and T. H. Jordan (1979) Frequency dependence of Q ScS , Bull.
Seism. Soc. Am., 69, 1055–79.
Sleep, N. H. (1990) Hotspots and mantle plumes: Some phenomenology,
J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6715–36.
Sleep, N. H. (1992) Hotspots and mantle plumes, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet.
Sci., 20, 19–43.
Sleep, N. H., and K. Fujita (1997) Principles of Geophysics, Blackwell,
Malden, MA.
Sleep, N. H., and B. R. Rosendahl (1979) Topography and tectonics of midoceanic ridge axes, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6831–9.
Sloan, M. E. (1980) Introduction to Minicomputers and Microcomputers,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Smith, D. E., and D. L. Turcotte (1993) Contributions of Space Geodesy to
Geodynamics, Geodynamics Ser. 23, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington,
DC.
Smith, R. B., and L. W. Braile (1994) The Yellowstone hotspot, J. Volcan.
Geotherm. Res., 61, 121–87.
Smithson, S. B. (1989) Contrasting types of lower crust, in R. F. Mereu,
S. Mueller and D. M. Fountain (eds), Properties and Processes of
Earth’s Lower Crust, IUGG 6, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC,
pp. 53–63.
Snelson, C. M., T. J. Henstock, G. R. Keller, K. C. Miller, and A. Levander
(1998) Crustal and uppermost mantle structure along the Deep Probe
seismic profile, Rocky Mountain Geology, 33, 181–98.
Snieder, R. K. (2001) A Guided Tour of Mathematical Physics, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Snoke, J. A., I. S. Sacks, and D. E. James (1979) Subduction beneath western
South America: Evidence from converted phases, Geophys. J. R. Astron.
Soc., 59, 219–25.
Solomon, S. C., and N. C. Burr (1979) The relationship of source parameters
of ridge-crest and transform earthquakes to the thermal structure of
oceanic lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 55, 107–26.
Solomon, S. C., and D. R. Toomey (1992) The structure of mid-ocean ridges,
Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 20, 329–64.
Song, X., and D. V. Helmberger (1993) Anisotropy of Earth’s inner core,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2591–4.
Spakman, W., and G. Nolet (1988) Imaging algorithms, accuracy and resolution in delay time tomography, in N. J. Vlaar, G. Nolet, M. J. R. Wortel
and S. A. P. L. Cloetingh (eds), Mathematical Geophysics, Reidel,
Dordrecht, pp. 155–87.
Spakman, W., N. J. Vlaar, and M. J. R. Wortel (1988) The Hellenic
subduction zone: A tomographic image and its geodynamic implications,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 60–3.
Spakman, W., S. Stein, R. van der Hilst, and R. Wortel (1989) Resolution
experiments for NW Pacific subduction zone tomography, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 16, 1097–110.
Spudich, P., and J. Orcutt (1980) A new look at the seismic velocity structure
of the oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18, 627–45.
Stacey, F. D. (1992) Physics of the Earth, 3rd edn, Brookfield Press,
Kenmore, Brisbane.
Stein, C. A., and S. Stein (1992) A model for the global variation in oceanic
depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359, 123–9.
Stein, C. A. and S. Stein (1993) Constraints on Pacific midplate swells from
global depth-age and heat flow-age models, in M. Pringle, W. Sager,
W. Sliter, and S. Stein (eds), The Mesozoic Pacific, Geophysical Monog.
77, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 53–76.
Stein, C. A., S. Stein, and A. M. Pelayo (1995) Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation, in S. Humphris, L. Mullineaux, R. Zierenberg and
R. Thomson (eds), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, Physical, Chemical,
Biological, and Geological Interactions, Geophys. Mono. 91, Am.
Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 425–45.
Stein, R. S. (1999) The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence,
Nature, 402, 605–9.
Stein, R. S., and R. S. Yeats (1989) Hidden earthquakes, Sci. Am., 260,
48–57.
Stein, R. S., G. C. P. King, and J. Lin (1994) Stress triggering of the 1994
M = 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors, Science,
265, 1432–5.
Stein, S. (1978) An earthquake swarm on the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and
its tectonic implications. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 55, 577–88.
Stein, S. (1992) Seismic gaps and grizzly bears, Nature, 356, 387–8.
Stein, S. (1993) Space geodesy and plate motions, in D. E. Smith and D. L.
Turcotte (eds), Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: crustal
dynamics, Geodynamics Series 23, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC,
pp. 5–20.
Stein, S., and R. J. Geller (1978) Time-domain observation and synthesis of split spheroidal and torsional free oscillations of the 1960
Chilean earthquake: Preliminary results, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 68,
325–32.
Stein, S., and R. G. Gordon (1984) Statistical tests of additional plate
boundaries from plate motion inversions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 69,
401–12.
Stein, S., and E. R. Klosko (2002) Earthquake mechanisms and plate
tectonics, in R. A. Meyers (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Physical Science and
Technology, Academic Press, San Diego.
Stein, S., and G. C. Kroeger (1980) Estimating earthquake source parameters
from seismological data, in S. Nemat-Nasser (ed.), Solid Earth Geophysics and Geotechnology, AMD Symp. Ser., 42, Amer. Soc. Mech.
Engin., New York, pp. 61–71.
Stein, S., and A. Pelayo (1991) Seismological constraints on stress in the
oceanic lithosphere, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 337, 53–72.
Stein, S., and D. C. Rubie (1999) Deep earthquakes in real slabs, Science, 286,
909–10.
Stein, S., and C. A. Stein (1996) Thermo-mechanical evolution of
oceanic lithosphere: Implications for the subduction process and
deep earthquakes, in G. E. Bebout, D. W. Scholl, S. H. Kirby and J. P. Platt
(eds), Subduction: top to bottom, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, DC,
pp. 1–17.
Stein, S., and D. Wiens (1986) Depth determination for shallow teleseismic
earthquakes: Methods and results, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 24, 806–
32.
Stein, S., and D. F. Woods (1989) Seismicity: Midocean ridge, in D. E. James
(ed.), The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, pp. 1050–4.
Stein, S., N. H. Sleep, R. J. Geller, S. C. Wang, and G. C. Kroeger (1979)
Earthquakes along the passive margin of eastern Canada, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 6, 537–40.
Stein, S., J. M. Mills, Jr., and R. J. Geller (1981) Q
−1 models from data space
inversion of fundamental spheroidal mode attenuation measurements, in
Stacey et al. (eds), Anelasticity in the Earth, Geodynamics Series, 4, Am.
Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 39–53.
Stein, S., J. F. Engeln, C. DeMets, R. G. Gordon, D. Woods, P. Lundgren,
D. Agrus, C. Stein, and D. A. Wiens (1986) The Nazca–South America
convergence rate and the recurrence of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 713–16.
Stein, S., S. Cloetingh, N. Sleep, and R. Wortel (1989) Passive margin earthquakes, stresses, and rheology, in S. Gregerson and P. Basham (eds), Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: neotectonics and postglacial
rebound, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 231–60.
Stixrude, L. (1998) Elastic constants and anisotropy of MgSiO 3 perovskite,
periclase, and SiO 2 at high pressure, in M. Gurnis, M. E. Wysession,
E. Knittle and B. Buffett (eds), The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Am.
Geophys. Un., Washington, DC, pp. 83–96.
Stixrude, L., and R. E. Cohen (1995) High-pressure elasticity of iron and
anisotropy of Earth’s inner core, Science, 267, 1972–5.
Strahler, A. N. (1969) Physical Geography, John Wiley, New York.