1 Introduction
5
of heavy metals in the United Kingdom with an atmospheric transport model. Sci Total Environ
479(480):171–180
Duffus JH (2002) Heavy metals—a meaningless term? (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem
74(5):793–807
Fernandez JA, Carballeira A (2000) Evaluation of contamination by different elements in terrestrial
mosses. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 40:461–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010198
Fernandez JA, Carballeira A (2002) Biomonitoring metal deposition in Galicia (NW Spain) with
mosses: factors affecting bioconcentration. Chemosphere 46:535–542
Fernandez JA, Boquete MT, Carballeira A, Aboal JR (2015) A critical review of protocols for moss
biomonitoring of atmopheric deposition: sampling and sample preparation. Sci Total Environ
517:132–150
Frontasyeva VM, Smirnov LI, Steinnes E, Lyapunov SM, Cherchintsev VD (2004) Heavy metal
atmospheric deposition study in the South Ural Mountains. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 259(1):19–26
Gerdol R, Marchesini R, Iacumin P, Brancaleoni L (2014) Monitoring temporal trends of air pollution in an urban area using mosses and lichens as biomonitors. Chemosphere 108:388–395. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.035
Harmens H, Norris DA, Steinnes E, Kubin E, Piispanen J, Alber R, Aleksiayenak Y, Blum O, Co¸ skun
M, Dam M, De Temmerman L, Fernández JA, Frolova M, Frontasyeva M, González-Miqueo L,
Grodzi´ nska K, Jeran Z, Korzekwa S, Krmar M, Kvietkus K, Leblond S, Liiv S, Magnússon SH,
Maˇ nkovská B, Pesch R, Rühling Å, Santamaria JM, Schröder W, Spiric Z, Suchara I, Thöni L,
Urumov V, Yurukova L, Zechmeister HG (2010) Mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy
metal deposition: spatial and temporal trends in Europe. Environ Pollut 158:3144–3156
Harmens H, Norris DA, Cooper DM, Mills G, Steinnes E, Kubin E, Thöni L, Aboal JR, Alber R,
Carballeira A, Cos , kun M, De Temmerman L, Frolova M, Gonzáles-Miqueo L, Jeran Z, Leblond
S, Liiv S, Maˇ nkovská B, Pesch R, Poikolainen J, Rühling Å, Santamaria JM, Simonèiè P, Schröder
W, Suchara I, Yurukova L, Zechmeister HG (2011) Nitrogen concentrations in mosses indicate the
spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Europe. Environ Pollut 159:2852–2860
Harmens H, Foan L, Simon V, Mills G (2013a) Terrestrial mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric
POPs pollution: a review. Environ Pollut 173:245–254
Harmens H, Norris D, Mills G, the participants of the moss survey (2013b) Heavy metals and
nitrogen in mosses: spatial patterns in 2010/2011 and long-term temporal trends in Europe. ICP
Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, p 63.
http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk. Accessed 25 July 2013
Harmens H, Norris DA, Sharps K, Mills G, Alber R, Aleksiayenak Y, Blum O, Cucu-Man SM,
Dam M, De Temmerman L, Ene A, Fern andez JA, Martinez-Abaigar J, Frontasyeva M, Godzik
B, Jeran Z, Lazo P, Leblond S, Liiv S, Magnússon SH, Mankovska B, Pihl Karlsson G, Piispanen
J, Poikolainen J, Santamaria JM, Skudnik M, Spiric Z, Stafilov T, Steinnes E, Stihi C, Suchara
I, Thoni L, Todoran R, Yurukova L, Zechmeister HG (2015) Heavy metal and nitrogen concentrations in mosses are declining across Europe whilst some “hotspots” remain in 2010. Environ
Pollut 200:93–104
Hu H (2002) Human health and heavy metals exposure. In: McCally M (ed) Life support: the
environment and human health. MIT Press, Cambridge
Järup L (2003) Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull 68(1):167–182. https://doi.org/
10.1093/bmb/ldg032
Kanawade MS, Hamigi DA, Gaikwad WR (2010) Ecological effect of pollution. Int J Chem Eng
Appl 1:332–335
Kelly FJ, Fussell JC (2015) Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved
understanding of risk. Environ Geochem Health 37:631–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653015-9720-1
Lammel G, Brüggemann E, Gnauk T, Müller K, Neusüss C, Röhrl A (2003) A new method to study
aerosol source contributions along the tracts of air parcels and its application to the near-ground
content aerosol chemical composition in central Europe. J Aerosol Sci 34:1–25
5
of heavy metals in the United Kingdom with an atmospheric transport model. Sci Total Environ
479(480):171–180
Duffus JH (2002) Heavy metals—a meaningless term? (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem
74(5):793–807
Fernandez JA, Carballeira A (2000) Evaluation of contamination by different elements in terrestrial
mosses. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 40:461–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010198
Fernandez JA, Carballeira A (2002) Biomonitoring metal deposition in Galicia (NW Spain) with
mosses: factors affecting bioconcentration. Chemosphere 46:535–542
Fernandez JA, Boquete MT, Carballeira A, Aboal JR (2015) A critical review of protocols for moss
biomonitoring of atmopheric deposition: sampling and sample preparation. Sci Total Environ
517:132–150
Frontasyeva VM, Smirnov LI, Steinnes E, Lyapunov SM, Cherchintsev VD (2004) Heavy metal
atmospheric deposition study in the South Ural Mountains. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 259(1):19–26
Gerdol R, Marchesini R, Iacumin P, Brancaleoni L (2014) Monitoring temporal trends of air pollution in an urban area using mosses and lichens as biomonitors. Chemosphere 108:388–395. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.035
Harmens H, Norris DA, Steinnes E, Kubin E, Piispanen J, Alber R, Aleksiayenak Y, Blum O, Co¸ skun
M, Dam M, De Temmerman L, Fernández JA, Frolova M, Frontasyeva M, González-Miqueo L,
Grodzi´ nska K, Jeran Z, Korzekwa S, Krmar M, Kvietkus K, Leblond S, Liiv S, Magnússon SH,
Maˇ nkovská B, Pesch R, Rühling Å, Santamaria JM, Schröder W, Spiric Z, Suchara I, Thöni L,
Urumov V, Yurukova L, Zechmeister HG (2010) Mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy
metal deposition: spatial and temporal trends in Europe. Environ Pollut 158:3144–3156
Harmens H, Norris DA, Cooper DM, Mills G, Steinnes E, Kubin E, Thöni L, Aboal JR, Alber R,
Carballeira A, Cos , kun M, De Temmerman L, Frolova M, Gonzáles-Miqueo L, Jeran Z, Leblond
S, Liiv S, Maˇ nkovská B, Pesch R, Poikolainen J, Rühling Å, Santamaria JM, Simonèiè P, Schröder
W, Suchara I, Yurukova L, Zechmeister HG (2011) Nitrogen concentrations in mosses indicate the
spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Europe. Environ Pollut 159:2852–2860
Harmens H, Foan L, Simon V, Mills G (2013a) Terrestrial mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric
POPs pollution: a review. Environ Pollut 173:245–254
Harmens H, Norris D, Mills G, the participants of the moss survey (2013b) Heavy metals and
nitrogen in mosses: spatial patterns in 2010/2011 and long-term temporal trends in Europe. ICP
Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, p 63.
http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk. Accessed 25 July 2013
Harmens H, Norris DA, Sharps K, Mills G, Alber R, Aleksiayenak Y, Blum O, Cucu-Man SM,
Dam M, De Temmerman L, Ene A, Fern andez JA, Martinez-Abaigar J, Frontasyeva M, Godzik
B, Jeran Z, Lazo P, Leblond S, Liiv S, Magnússon SH, Mankovska B, Pihl Karlsson G, Piispanen
J, Poikolainen J, Santamaria JM, Skudnik M, Spiric Z, Stafilov T, Steinnes E, Stihi C, Suchara
I, Thoni L, Todoran R, Yurukova L, Zechmeister HG (2015) Heavy metal and nitrogen concentrations in mosses are declining across Europe whilst some “hotspots” remain in 2010. Environ
Pollut 200:93–104
Hu H (2002) Human health and heavy metals exposure. In: McCally M (ed) Life support: the
environment and human health. MIT Press, Cambridge
Järup L (2003) Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull 68(1):167–182. https://doi.org/
10.1093/bmb/ldg032
Kanawade MS, Hamigi DA, Gaikwad WR (2010) Ecological effect of pollution. Int J Chem Eng
Appl 1:332–335
Kelly FJ, Fussell JC (2015) Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved
understanding of risk. Environ Geochem Health 37:631–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653015-9720-1
Lammel G, Brüggemann E, Gnauk T, Müller K, Neusüss C, Röhrl A (2003) A new method to study
aerosol source contributions along the tracts of air parcels and its application to the near-ground
content aerosol chemical composition in central Europe. J Aerosol Sci 34:1–25