References
Achinivu EC (2018) Protic ionic liquids for lignin extraction—a lignin characterization study. Int J
Mol Sci 19(2):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020428
André M, Lopes C, João KG, Rubik DF, Bogel-łukasik E, Duarte LC, Andreaus J, Bogel-łukasik R
(2013) Bioresource technology pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids:
wheat straw fractionation. Bioresour Technol, 142:198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.
2013.05.032
Angell CA, Byrne N, Belieres JP (2007) Parallel developments in aprotic and protic ionic liquids:
physical chemistry and applications. Acc Chem Res 40(11):1228–1236. https://doi.org/10.
1021/ar7001842
Balat M (2009) Bioethanol as a vehicular fuel: a critical review. Energy Sources, Part A 31
(14):1242–1255. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030801952334
Bernardo JR, Gírio FM, Łukasik RM (2019) The effect of the chemical character of ionic liquids on
biomass pre-treatment and posterior enzymatic hydrolysis. Molecules 24(4):808. https://doi.org/
10.3390/molecules24040808
Binod P, Sindhu R, Singhania RR, Vikram S, Devi L, Nagalakshmi S et al (2010) Bioethanol
production from rice straw: an overview. Bioresour Technol 101(13):4767–4774. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.079
Brandt A, Gräsvik J, Hallett JP, Welton T (2013) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with
ionic liquids. Green Chem 15(3):550–583. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2GC36364J
Bull SR (1994) Renewable alternative fuels: alcohol production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Renew Energy 5(5–8):799–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(94)90091-4
da Costa Lopes AM, Bogel-Łukasik R (2015) Acidic ionic liquids as sustainable approach of
cellulose and lignocellulosic biomass conversion without additional catalysts. ChemSusChem 8
(6):947–965. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201402950
da Costa Lopes AM, João KG, Bogel-Łukasik E, Roseiro LB, Bogel-Łukasik R (2013)
Pretreatment and fractionation of wheat straw using various ionic liquids. J Agric Food Chem
61(33):7874–7882. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401980p
Dadi AP, Schall CA, Varanasi S (2007) Mitigation of cellulose recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis by ionic liquid pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 137(1–12):407–421. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12010-007-9068-9
Docampo-Álvarez B, Gómez-González V, Méndez-Morales T, Rodríguez JR, López-Lago E,
Cabeza O et al (2016) Molecular dynamics simulations of mixtures of protic and aprotic ionic
liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18(34):23932–23943. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP03700C
Fu D, Mazza G (2011) Optimization of processing conditions for the pretreatment of wheat straw
using aqueous ionic liquid. Bioresour Technol 102(17):8003–8010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2011.06.023
Galbe M, Wallberg O (2019) Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for
efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials. Biotechnol Biofuels 12(1):1–26. https://doi.org/
10.1186/s13068-019-1634-1
Ghandi K (2014) A review of ionic liquids, their limits and applications. Green Sustain Chem 2014.
https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2014.41008
Gonfa G, Bustam MA, Man Z, Mutalib MA (2011) Unique structure and solute–solvent interaction
in imidazolium based ionic liquids: a review. Asian Trans Eng 1:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/
chin.201341261
Guan Q, Lei T, Wang Z, Xu H, Lin L, Chen G et al (2018) Preparation of ethyl levulinate from
wheat straw catalysed by sulfonate ionic liquid. Ind Crop Prod 113:150–156. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.030
Heinze T, Schwikal K, Barthel S (2005) Ionic liquids as reaction medium in cellulose
functionalization. Macromol Biosci 5(6):520–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200500039
Hu F, Ragauskas A (2012) Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry. Bioenergy Res 5
(4):1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0
3 Pretreatment of Wheat Straw Using Ionic Liquids for Bioethanol Production. . .
61
Achinivu EC (2018) Protic ionic liquids for lignin extraction—a lignin characterization study. Int J
Mol Sci 19(2):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020428
André M, Lopes C, João KG, Rubik DF, Bogel-łukasik E, Duarte LC, Andreaus J, Bogel-łukasik R
(2013) Bioresource technology pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids:
wheat straw fractionation. Bioresour Technol, 142:198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.
2013.05.032
Angell CA, Byrne N, Belieres JP (2007) Parallel developments in aprotic and protic ionic liquids:
physical chemistry and applications. Acc Chem Res 40(11):1228–1236. https://doi.org/10.
1021/ar7001842
Balat M (2009) Bioethanol as a vehicular fuel: a critical review. Energy Sources, Part A 31
(14):1242–1255. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030801952334
Bernardo JR, Gírio FM, Łukasik RM (2019) The effect of the chemical character of ionic liquids on
biomass pre-treatment and posterior enzymatic hydrolysis. Molecules 24(4):808. https://doi.org/
10.3390/molecules24040808
Binod P, Sindhu R, Singhania RR, Vikram S, Devi L, Nagalakshmi S et al (2010) Bioethanol
production from rice straw: an overview. Bioresour Technol 101(13):4767–4774. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.079
Brandt A, Gräsvik J, Hallett JP, Welton T (2013) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with
ionic liquids. Green Chem 15(3):550–583. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2GC36364J
Bull SR (1994) Renewable alternative fuels: alcohol production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Renew Energy 5(5–8):799–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(94)90091-4
da Costa Lopes AM, Bogel-Łukasik R (2015) Acidic ionic liquids as sustainable approach of
cellulose and lignocellulosic biomass conversion without additional catalysts. ChemSusChem 8
(6):947–965. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201402950
da Costa Lopes AM, João KG, Bogel-Łukasik E, Roseiro LB, Bogel-Łukasik R (2013)
Pretreatment and fractionation of wheat straw using various ionic liquids. J Agric Food Chem
61(33):7874–7882. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401980p
Dadi AP, Schall CA, Varanasi S (2007) Mitigation of cellulose recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis by ionic liquid pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 137(1–12):407–421. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12010-007-9068-9
Docampo-Álvarez B, Gómez-González V, Méndez-Morales T, Rodríguez JR, López-Lago E,
Cabeza O et al (2016) Molecular dynamics simulations of mixtures of protic and aprotic ionic
liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18(34):23932–23943. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP03700C
Fu D, Mazza G (2011) Optimization of processing conditions for the pretreatment of wheat straw
using aqueous ionic liquid. Bioresour Technol 102(17):8003–8010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2011.06.023
Galbe M, Wallberg O (2019) Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for
efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials. Biotechnol Biofuels 12(1):1–26. https://doi.org/
10.1186/s13068-019-1634-1
Ghandi K (2014) A review of ionic liquids, their limits and applications. Green Sustain Chem 2014.
https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2014.41008
Gonfa G, Bustam MA, Man Z, Mutalib MA (2011) Unique structure and solute–solvent interaction
in imidazolium based ionic liquids: a review. Asian Trans Eng 1:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/
chin.201341261
Guan Q, Lei T, Wang Z, Xu H, Lin L, Chen G et al (2018) Preparation of ethyl levulinate from
wheat straw catalysed by sulfonate ionic liquid. Ind Crop Prod 113:150–156. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.030
Heinze T, Schwikal K, Barthel S (2005) Ionic liquids as reaction medium in cellulose
functionalization. Macromol Biosci 5(6):520–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200500039
Hu F, Ragauskas A (2012) Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry. Bioenergy Res 5
(4):1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0
3 Pretreatment of Wheat Straw Using Ionic Liquids for Bioethanol Production. . .
61