sulfide minerals extraction, 295
vanadium, 298
Biological methods, 175
agricultural residues, 210
chitin, 210
chitosan, 210
cost-effective and environmentally
friendly, 204
merits and demerits, 205
microbial treatments, 206–210
natural-born algae, 205
textile industry effluent, 205
Biological thiols, 324
Biological treatment, 197
Biomagnification, 154
Biomass, 357
surface modification, 366, 368
Biomass dosage, 361
Biomethylation, 253
Biomonitoring survey tool, 329
Bio-oxidation, 185
Biopiles, 159
Biopolymers
advantages and disadvantages, 146
applications (see Microbial biopolymers
environmental applications)
bacteria, 138, 139
microorganisms, 138
processing and flexible applications, 138
Bioreactors, 161
Bioreduction, 185
Biorefining lignocellulosic residue, 53
Bioremediation, 175, 205, 206, 209–212
advanced techniques, 162, 163
advantageous, 176
bioaugmentation, 161
biological agents, 223
biostimulation, 161, 162
cell immobilization, 162
contaminants management, 224
definition, 152
enzymes, 155
ex situ technique, 222
(see also Ex situ techniques)
flow diagram, 158
genetic engineering, 162, 163
genomics and proteomics, 164, 165
in situ technology (see In situ technology)
isoproturon degradation, 224
living and nonliving biomass, 175
living organisms, 187
metagenomics, 163, 164
metal contamination, 357
microbial biomass, 153
microorganism’s activities, 158
microorganisms, 154, 175, 223
modern approaches (see Modern
bioremediation approaches)
nanotechnology, 165, 166
natural and environmentally friendly
technology, 156
organic and inorganic pollutants
175, 176
pesticides, 224
(see also Pesticides)
site-specific, 357
sustainable development, 231
technique selection, 223
toxic compounds, 152
toxic dyes removal, 223
treatment of polluted environmental
medium, 153
Biosorption, 175, 177, 179, 181–185, 276
cell metabolism, 361
classification, 361
heavy metals (see Heavy metals)
mechanisms, 356, 361, 362
metal elimination, 361
Biosparging, 159
Biostimulation, 160–162, 187
Biosurfactant
production (see Microbial biosurfactants
production)
Biosurfactants
aerophilic microbes, 5
characterization, 16, 17
chemical/synthetic, 5
classification, 7–9
definition, 5
environmental applications, 18–20
extraction, 15, 16
harnessing, 21
HLB, 5
microbial, 6
microorganisms, 9, 10, 13
molecular mass, 5
physical and chemical properties
biodegradability, 6
emulsification/de-emulsification, 7
foam and wet, 7
surface and interface activity, 6
tolerance/toxicity, 6
production patents, 5
purification, 15, 16
surface-active compounds, 5
surfactant creation, 5
Index
435
vanadium, 298
Biological methods, 175
agricultural residues, 210
chitin, 210
chitosan, 210
cost-effective and environmentally
friendly, 204
merits and demerits, 205
microbial treatments, 206–210
natural-born algae, 205
textile industry effluent, 205
Biological thiols, 324
Biological treatment, 197
Biomagnification, 154
Biomass, 357
surface modification, 366, 368
Biomass dosage, 361
Biomethylation, 253
Biomonitoring survey tool, 329
Bio-oxidation, 185
Biopiles, 159
Biopolymers
advantages and disadvantages, 146
applications (see Microbial biopolymers
environmental applications)
bacteria, 138, 139
microorganisms, 138
processing and flexible applications, 138
Bioreactors, 161
Bioreduction, 185
Biorefining lignocellulosic residue, 53
Bioremediation, 175, 205, 206, 209–212
advanced techniques, 162, 163
advantageous, 176
bioaugmentation, 161
biological agents, 223
biostimulation, 161, 162
cell immobilization, 162
contaminants management, 224
definition, 152
enzymes, 155
ex situ technique, 222
(see also Ex situ techniques)
flow diagram, 158
genetic engineering, 162, 163
genomics and proteomics, 164, 165
in situ technology (see In situ technology)
isoproturon degradation, 224
living and nonliving biomass, 175
living organisms, 187
metagenomics, 163, 164
metal contamination, 357
microbial biomass, 153
microorganism’s activities, 158
microorganisms, 154, 175, 223
modern approaches (see Modern
bioremediation approaches)
nanotechnology, 165, 166
natural and environmentally friendly
technology, 156
organic and inorganic pollutants
175, 176
pesticides, 224
(see also Pesticides)
site-specific, 357
sustainable development, 231
technique selection, 223
toxic compounds, 152
toxic dyes removal, 223
treatment of polluted environmental
medium, 153
Biosorption, 175, 177, 179, 181–185, 276
cell metabolism, 361
classification, 361
heavy metals (see Heavy metals)
mechanisms, 356, 361, 362
metal elimination, 361
Biosparging, 159
Biostimulation, 160–162, 187
Biosurfactant
production (see Microbial biosurfactants
production)
Biosurfactants
aerophilic microbes, 5
characterization, 16, 17
chemical/synthetic, 5
classification, 7–9
definition, 5
environmental applications, 18–20
extraction, 15, 16
harnessing, 21
HLB, 5
microbial, 6
microorganisms, 9, 10, 13
molecular mass, 5
physical and chemical properties
biodegradability, 6
emulsification/de-emulsification, 7
foam and wet, 7
surface and interface activity, 6
tolerance/toxicity, 6
production patents, 5
purification, 15, 16
surface-active compounds, 5
surfactant creation, 5
Index
435