As-polluted areas, 242
As toxicity effects
A. thaliana, 245
human food chain, 244
hyperaccumulation, 245
metabolic processes, 244
nitrogen-fixing root nodules, 244
oxidative stress, 244
P. vittata, 245
physiological progressions, 244
phytoremediation processes, 245
plant metabolism, 245
plants, 244
As transformation and sequestration, 253
As translocation/adsorption, 243, 244
As V-enrichment cultures (ECs), 250
As volatilization processes, 247
Asthma, 380
Auxiliaries, 198
Auxiliary textiles
properties, 196
Azo dye, 37
Azotobacter chroococcum, 15
B
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 19
Bacillus licheniformis, 20
Bacillus sp., 142
Bacillus subtilis, 19
Bacteria, 155, 177, 178, 410
Bacterial culture, 207
Bacterial degradation, 157
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), 77
Ball milling, 72
Barium (Ba), 319
Barnase gene cassette, 109
Basic dyes, 174
Benzidine, 196, 200
Bioaccumulation, 183–185
Bioaccumulation factor (BAF), 329
aqueous macrophytes, 329
Cu accumulation, 329
definition, 329
dry weight, 329
formula, 329
heavy metal concentration, 329
metal hyperaccumulator plant species, 330
values, 330
Bioaugmentation, 159, 161, 186
Bio-based materials, 66
Biochar (BC), 246
Bio-concentration factor, 329
Biodegradability, 155
Bio-degradable pesticides, 400
Biodegradation, 175, 179, 207, 212
Biodiversity, 409
Bioethanol
cellulose and hemicelluloses
composition, 51
emission, 50, 51
gasoline, 50
lignocellulose materials, 50
low-level/high-level blend, 50
pretreatment, 51
renewable biomass materials, 50
vehicular use, 50
Biofertilizers
agriculture, 410
application, 407, 410
and biotechnology, 411, 412
ecofriendly and cost-effective, 410
KUE, 416
latent/live cells, 410
microbial process, 410
microorganisms, 410
NUE, 413–415
plant molecular breeding, 412, 413
PUE, 414, 415
synthetic fertilizers, 410
Biofuels, 38
Biogeochemistry, 246
Bioherbicides
eco-friendly, 110
phytotoxins, 104
plant allelopathins, 104, 105
plant breeding and biotechnology (see Plant
breeding and biotechnology,
bioherbicides)
Bioleaching, 185, 186
acidic environments, 294
acidophiles, 295, 302
chalcopyrite, 297
definition, 293
direct mechanism, 295
electrochemical (see Electrochemical
methods)
e-wastes, 302
extremophile microorganisms, 294–296
Fe
3+ precipitation, 300
indirect mechanism, 297, 298
influencing factors, 299, 300
initiation time, 299
non-electrochemical methods, 300
pathways, 295, 298
PCBs, 297
434
Index
As toxicity effects
A. thaliana, 245
human food chain, 244
hyperaccumulation, 245
metabolic processes, 244
nitrogen-fixing root nodules, 244
oxidative stress, 244
P. vittata, 245
physiological progressions, 244
phytoremediation processes, 245
plant metabolism, 245
plants, 244
As transformation and sequestration, 253
As translocation/adsorption, 243, 244
As V-enrichment cultures (ECs), 250
As volatilization processes, 247
Asthma, 380
Auxiliaries, 198
Auxiliary textiles
properties, 196
Azo dye, 37
Azotobacter chroococcum, 15
B
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 19
Bacillus licheniformis, 20
Bacillus sp., 142
Bacillus subtilis, 19
Bacteria, 155, 177, 178, 410
Bacterial culture, 207
Bacterial degradation, 157
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), 77
Ball milling, 72
Barium (Ba), 319
Barnase gene cassette, 109
Basic dyes, 174
Benzidine, 196, 200
Bioaccumulation, 183–185
Bioaccumulation factor (BAF), 329
aqueous macrophytes, 329
Cu accumulation, 329
definition, 329
dry weight, 329
formula, 329
heavy metal concentration, 329
metal hyperaccumulator plant species, 330
values, 330
Bioaugmentation, 159, 161, 186
Bio-based materials, 66
Biochar (BC), 246
Bio-concentration factor, 329
Biodegradability, 155
Bio-degradable pesticides, 400
Biodegradation, 175, 179, 207, 212
Biodiversity, 409
Bioethanol
cellulose and hemicelluloses
composition, 51
emission, 50, 51
gasoline, 50
lignocellulose materials, 50
low-level/high-level blend, 50
pretreatment, 51
renewable biomass materials, 50
vehicular use, 50
Biofertilizers
agriculture, 410
application, 407, 410
and biotechnology, 411, 412
ecofriendly and cost-effective, 410
KUE, 416
latent/live cells, 410
microbial process, 410
microorganisms, 410
NUE, 413–415
plant molecular breeding, 412, 413
PUE, 414, 415
synthetic fertilizers, 410
Biofuels, 38
Biogeochemistry, 246
Bioherbicides
eco-friendly, 110
phytotoxins, 104
plant allelopathins, 104, 105
plant breeding and biotechnology (see Plant
breeding and biotechnology,
bioherbicides)
Bioleaching, 185, 186
acidic environments, 294
acidophiles, 295, 302
chalcopyrite, 297
definition, 293
direct mechanism, 295
electrochemical (see Electrochemical
methods)
e-wastes, 302
extremophile microorganisms, 294–296
Fe
3+ precipitation, 300
indirect mechanism, 297, 298
influencing factors, 299, 300
initiation time, 299
non-electrochemical methods, 300
pathways, 295, 298
PCBs, 297
434
Index