high intensity rainfall, 318
rivers and streams, 317
runoff velocity, 318
species migration, 317
wetland vegetation, 318
wildlife hubs, 317
Aquatic ecosystem, 343, 344, 346
Aquatic environment, heavy metal pollution
aquatic macrophytes, 322–323
occurrence, 318–320
sources, 320, 321
Aquatic ferns, 338
Aquatic macrophytes
adaptive strategies, 322–323
angiosperm group, 310
antioxidant activities, 322
autotroph, 310
chlorosis and necrosis, 323
classification, 310
detrimental effects, 323
distribution, 310
E. crassipes, 323
ecological values, 312
global diversity, 310
heavy metal exposure, 322
heavy metals response, 322
metal binding content, 322
physiological and biochemical
amendment, 322
plant species, 322
representative generas, 310
Typha capensis, 323
vascular, 310
Aquatic plants
heavy metal bioaccumulation
hydrocarbon compounds, 325
phytoaccumulation, 325, 326
phytostabilization, 326
phytovolatilization, 326
rhizofiltration, 326
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
(AMF), 364, 365
Arcobacter, 250
Area-level concentrations, 383
Argonaute 2 (AGO-2) protein, 423
Arsenate, 240, 241, 251
Arsenate-reducing bacteria, 250
Arsenic, 318, 393, 395
atomic number, 240
biochemical mechanisms, 240
contamination, 242, 243
detoxification (see As bioremediation
process)
detoxification pathway, 240
groundwater contamination, 241, 242
human interventions, 243
insoluble forms, 240
lethal metalloid, 240
metabolism genes, 260
microbes, 240
physiological/biochemical changes, 254
phytobial remediation, 241
toxicity, 241, 244–245
translocation, 243–244
Arsenicosis, 241
Arsenic-rich soil, 242
Arsenic-transforming bacteria
B. casei, 252
functions, 252
proteins, 252
regulating contamination, 252, 253
Arsenite, 240, 241
Arsenite oxidase protein, 251
Artificial fertilizers, 407, 414
Artificial pesticides, 408
As bioaccumulation, 252
As bioremediation process
aerobic and anaerobic degradation
pathways, 248
bacterias, 248
contaminated aquatic sediment, 250
PGB, 249
phytoremediation, 248, 249
transforming bacteria, 252–253
As concentration thresholds, 250
As-contaminated paddy environments, 246
As-contaminated tropical sediment, 250
As contaminations in India, 241
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), 322, 349
As-induced cellular metabolic processes, 241
As-induced genotoxic responses
biogeochemistry, 246
biotransformation, 245
DNA–protein aberrations, 245
eco-friendly approaches, 246
III oxidation, 247
in-situ method, 246
nutrient supplementation, 246, 247
organo-arsenic compounds, 245
plant tissues, 246
RAPD, 246
rice grains contamination, 246
rice intake, 246
ROS attack, 245
As III-oxidizers, 250
As pollution, 240
Index
433
rivers and streams, 317
runoff velocity, 318
species migration, 317
wetland vegetation, 318
wildlife hubs, 317
Aquatic ecosystem, 343, 344, 346
Aquatic environment, heavy metal pollution
aquatic macrophytes, 322–323
occurrence, 318–320
sources, 320, 321
Aquatic ferns, 338
Aquatic macrophytes
adaptive strategies, 322–323
angiosperm group, 310
antioxidant activities, 322
autotroph, 310
chlorosis and necrosis, 323
classification, 310
detrimental effects, 323
distribution, 310
E. crassipes, 323
ecological values, 312
global diversity, 310
heavy metal exposure, 322
heavy metals response, 322
metal binding content, 322
physiological and biochemical
amendment, 322
plant species, 322
representative generas, 310
Typha capensis, 323
vascular, 310
Aquatic plants
heavy metal bioaccumulation
hydrocarbon compounds, 325
phytoaccumulation, 325, 326
phytostabilization, 326
phytovolatilization, 326
rhizofiltration, 326
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
(AMF), 364, 365
Arcobacter, 250
Area-level concentrations, 383
Argonaute 2 (AGO-2) protein, 423
Arsenate, 240, 241, 251
Arsenate-reducing bacteria, 250
Arsenic, 318, 393, 395
atomic number, 240
biochemical mechanisms, 240
contamination, 242, 243
detoxification (see As bioremediation
process)
detoxification pathway, 240
groundwater contamination, 241, 242
human interventions, 243
insoluble forms, 240
lethal metalloid, 240
metabolism genes, 260
microbes, 240
physiological/biochemical changes, 254
phytobial remediation, 241
toxicity, 241, 244–245
translocation, 243–244
Arsenicosis, 241
Arsenic-rich soil, 242
Arsenic-transforming bacteria
B. casei, 252
functions, 252
proteins, 252
regulating contamination, 252, 253
Arsenite, 240, 241
Arsenite oxidase protein, 251
Artificial fertilizers, 407, 414
Artificial pesticides, 408
As bioaccumulation, 252
As bioremediation process
aerobic and anaerobic degradation
pathways, 248
bacterias, 248
contaminated aquatic sediment, 250
PGB, 249
phytoremediation, 248, 249
transforming bacteria, 252–253
As concentration thresholds, 250
As-contaminated paddy environments, 246
As-contaminated tropical sediment, 250
As contaminations in India, 241
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), 322, 349
As-induced cellular metabolic processes, 241
As-induced genotoxic responses
biogeochemistry, 246
biotransformation, 245
DNA–protein aberrations, 245
eco-friendly approaches, 246
III oxidation, 247
in-situ method, 246
nutrient supplementation, 246, 247
organo-arsenic compounds, 245
plant tissues, 246
RAPD, 246
rice grains contamination, 246
rice intake, 246
ROS attack, 245
As III-oxidizers, 250
As pollution, 240
Index
433