of (GHG) emissions from tractor it has two positive environmental impacts. First,
intensive tillage for weed management is the most perpetual environmental damage
via assisting loss of topsoil due to water and wind, which is challenging to recover
within centuries. This can be remediated byRT/NT farming practice. Second, carbon
and moisture loss from soil can also be triggered by tillage. Thus, tillage reduction is
certified by glyphosate resistance crops has had important positive environmental
impacts via decreasing soil losses and enhancing carbon and soil moisture-holding.
Tillage reduction in glyphosate resistance crops from 1996 to 2012 resulted in
retaining 204 billion t of CO 2 being released into the atmosphere (Barfoot and
Brookes 2014).
4.3.2 RNA Interference (RNAi) Based Technology for Reduction
of Insecticide Application
RNA interference as one of a biological practice inhibits gene regulation via sRNA
(small RNA) molecules at the level of transcriptional/ post-transcriptional, either by
chromatin modifications inhibition or by the reduction of lifespan or translation
possible of the marked mRNA. The initiator of gene silencing is double-stranded
RNA (dsRNA) produced from a foreign source like transgene and virus or an
endogenous genomic source. The process RNAi based gene silencing is used in
agriculture to control plant diseases, which need intensive pesticide in conventional
plant protection. To control plant damage by diseases RNAi as gene silencer applied
by host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) or via artificially synthesized dsRNA/
NonTransformativeRNAi. The fast advancement of RNAi based technology for
disease control makes it easily available in the commercial market. For this achievement, several research works have been done as one of the biotechnological tools via
clearly verifying the mechanism of RNAi based technology starting from laboratory
to field test conditions.
Simple RNA interference pathways, which are common in several eukaryotic
cells depend on a diverse number of sRNAs to regulate mRNA degradation/
translation within a sequence-specific order (Castel and Martienssen 2013; Borges
and Martienssen 2015). First, sRNAs are produced from internally synthesized or
externally supplied dsRNAs, which are set 20–30 nucleotide (nt) long via ribonuclease III enzymes named DICER in several organisms or DICER-like (DCL) in
plants and fungi. Second, the sRNA added into particular members of a protein
family called AGO (ARGONAUTE) within the cytoplasm. Third, parallel with the
untwisting of the RNA duplex and passenger RNAstrand release, RNA-induced
silencing complex (RISC) assembled by the involvement of additional proteins.
Forth, in the cytoplasm, the reserved guide RNA strand indicates RISC complex
into a targeted complementary RNA. Due to the biological situation, target detection
goes to triggering DNA methylation to TGS (transcriptional gene silencing) or RNA
destabilization and/or translational inhibition to PTGS (post-transcriptional gene
silencing). RNAi pathways and components were studied critically in Drosophila
420
S. Abera
intensive tillage for weed management is the most perpetual environmental damage
via assisting loss of topsoil due to water and wind, which is challenging to recover
within centuries. This can be remediated byRT/NT farming practice. Second, carbon
and moisture loss from soil can also be triggered by tillage. Thus, tillage reduction is
certified by glyphosate resistance crops has had important positive environmental
impacts via decreasing soil losses and enhancing carbon and soil moisture-holding.
Tillage reduction in glyphosate resistance crops from 1996 to 2012 resulted in
retaining 204 billion t of CO 2 being released into the atmosphere (Barfoot and
Brookes 2014).
4.3.2 RNA Interference (RNAi) Based Technology for Reduction
of Insecticide Application
RNA interference as one of a biological practice inhibits gene regulation via sRNA
(small RNA) molecules at the level of transcriptional/ post-transcriptional, either by
chromatin modifications inhibition or by the reduction of lifespan or translation
possible of the marked mRNA. The initiator of gene silencing is double-stranded
RNA (dsRNA) produced from a foreign source like transgene and virus or an
endogenous genomic source. The process RNAi based gene silencing is used in
agriculture to control plant diseases, which need intensive pesticide in conventional
plant protection. To control plant damage by diseases RNAi as gene silencer applied
by host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) or via artificially synthesized dsRNA/
NonTransformativeRNAi. The fast advancement of RNAi based technology for
disease control makes it easily available in the commercial market. For this achievement, several research works have been done as one of the biotechnological tools via
clearly verifying the mechanism of RNAi based technology starting from laboratory
to field test conditions.
Simple RNA interference pathways, which are common in several eukaryotic
cells depend on a diverse number of sRNAs to regulate mRNA degradation/
translation within a sequence-specific order (Castel and Martienssen 2013; Borges
and Martienssen 2015). First, sRNAs are produced from internally synthesized or
externally supplied dsRNAs, which are set 20–30 nucleotide (nt) long via ribonuclease III enzymes named DICER in several organisms or DICER-like (DCL) in
plants and fungi. Second, the sRNA added into particular members of a protein
family called AGO (ARGONAUTE) within the cytoplasm. Third, parallel with the
untwisting of the RNA duplex and passenger RNAstrand release, RNA-induced
silencing complex (RISC) assembled by the involvement of additional proteins.
Forth, in the cytoplasm, the reserved guide RNA strand indicates RISC complex
into a targeted complementary RNA. Due to the biological situation, target detection
goes to triggering DNA methylation to TGS (transcriptional gene silencing) or RNA
destabilization and/or translational inhibition to PTGS (post-transcriptional gene
silencing). RNAi pathways and components were studied critically in Drosophila
420
S. Abera