sequence of each organism and the functional genomics make thedetections ofgenes’
functions (Leister 2005). Proteomics,Transcriptomics and metabolomics are the
main tools of genomics. All these considered as post-genomic technologies and
used to characterizing sets of molecules’ data generated by genomes. Since genomics includes everything starting from gene sequencing to gene function annotation
all other omics under the umbrella of genomics. Due tocomplex nature of omics data
the analysis is relay on information technology aidvia bioinformatics tools.
Genomics played great role for the enhancement of crop production at it is
intricate in sequencing of different crop species via advanced sequence technology.
Since genomics referred the studying of genetic information and geneorganization in
the genome it applied to identify the biological function of genes via collecting as
well as analyzing genomic data. Among other organisms the genomes of plants’are
described very wellby their gene content, genome size, level of polyploidy and
repetivesequences (Campos-de Quiroz 2002).
When genome sequence data is accessible among genomic techniques genome
annotation used to find the potential putative genes and allocating functions for
them. Commonly this is performed by in silico, with the support of computer based
programs either in ab initio (based on gene signal like start and stop codon)
orhomology based approach.So, this helps classifying genes based on their
allocatedfunction and use them for crop enhancement in both biotic and a biotic
stress environment. Among the abiotic stress conditions plant NuU Eimprovement is
one of the main targets, which is benefited from genomic technology. For this
achievement in plant several genomes were sequenced with high quality starting
from rice the smallest genome (389 Mb) (IRGSP 2005) till wheat the largest genome
size (14,500 Mb) (Guan et al. 2019) and available for public use.
4.2.2 Transcriptomics
Transcriptomics is the investigation of gene expression within a particular environment through a varied range of cellular responses. The identification and characterization of putative genes involved in any agronomic important trait instead of the
genome can be investigated via mRNAs analysis. It detects the expression range of
specific RNAs among thousands of RNAs and produces a snapshot picture of genes
translated within a given event by the available several technology such as serial
analysis of gene expression (SAGE) (Velculescu et al. 1995) RNAseqand DNA
microarray (Schena et al. 1995). Detail study of the molecular basis of Nutrient use
efficiency (NuUE) would allow us to offer important evidence for crop production
improvement by biotechnological approaches. The current advances in
transcriptomics techniques shift our method of putative genes identification, which
contributes a vital role in the NuU Efrom marker-based into direct gene identification
by their expression level (Liu et al. 2016; Rose et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2017).
Recently 688 now NuUE-responsive genes for 12 nutrient type’s identified and
available at NuUE web resource are shown in Fig. 20.4 (Kumar et al. 2018).
20 The Potential of Biotechnology on Soil Quality by Minimizing Agrochemical. . .
417
functions (Leister 2005). Proteomics,Transcriptomics and metabolomics are the
main tools of genomics. All these considered as post-genomic technologies and
used to characterizing sets of molecules’ data generated by genomes. Since genomics includes everything starting from gene sequencing to gene function annotation
all other omics under the umbrella of genomics. Due tocomplex nature of omics data
the analysis is relay on information technology aidvia bioinformatics tools.
Genomics played great role for the enhancement of crop production at it is
intricate in sequencing of different crop species via advanced sequence technology.
Since genomics referred the studying of genetic information and geneorganization in
the genome it applied to identify the biological function of genes via collecting as
well as analyzing genomic data. Among other organisms the genomes of plants’are
described very wellby their gene content, genome size, level of polyploidy and
repetivesequences (Campos-de Quiroz 2002).
When genome sequence data is accessible among genomic techniques genome
annotation used to find the potential putative genes and allocating functions for
them. Commonly this is performed by in silico, with the support of computer based
programs either in ab initio (based on gene signal like start and stop codon)
orhomology based approach.So, this helps classifying genes based on their
allocatedfunction and use them for crop enhancement in both biotic and a biotic
stress environment. Among the abiotic stress conditions plant NuU Eimprovement is
one of the main targets, which is benefited from genomic technology. For this
achievement in plant several genomes were sequenced with high quality starting
from rice the smallest genome (389 Mb) (IRGSP 2005) till wheat the largest genome
size (14,500 Mb) (Guan et al. 2019) and available for public use.
4.2.2 Transcriptomics
Transcriptomics is the investigation of gene expression within a particular environment through a varied range of cellular responses. The identification and characterization of putative genes involved in any agronomic important trait instead of the
genome can be investigated via mRNAs analysis. It detects the expression range of
specific RNAs among thousands of RNAs and produces a snapshot picture of genes
translated within a given event by the available several technology such as serial
analysis of gene expression (SAGE) (Velculescu et al. 1995) RNAseqand DNA
microarray (Schena et al. 1995). Detail study of the molecular basis of Nutrient use
efficiency (NuUE) would allow us to offer important evidence for crop production
improvement by biotechnological approaches. The current advances in
transcriptomics techniques shift our method of putative genes identification, which
contributes a vital role in the NuU Efrom marker-based into direct gene identification
by their expression level (Liu et al. 2016; Rose et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2017).
Recently 688 now NuUE-responsive genes for 12 nutrient type’s identified and
available at NuUE web resource are shown in Fig. 20.4 (Kumar et al. 2018).
20 The Potential of Biotechnology on Soil Quality by Minimizing Agrochemical. . .
417