Table 13.3 Different functional groups identified in the algal biomass for the biosorption of heavy
metals
Algae biomass
Heavy
metal
Functional groups
References
Macroalgae
Sargassum filipendula
Cu &
Ni
–NH 2 , –OH, C–H, O–C–O, C–
OH, –SO 3
Kleinübing
et al. (2010)
Ulva lactuca
Cd
–OH, –NH 2 , O–CH 3
Ghoneim
et al. (2014)
CH 2 , & –CONH 2 , C–OH or –
COOH
Ceramium rubrum
Cu
–OH, –NH 2 , –COOH, & –O–
SO 3
À
Ege and
Doner
(2013)
Sargassum latifolium
Cu, Pb
& Cd
–NO 2
+ , –COOH, –OH, C–H & C–
OH
Ibrahim
(2016)
Cladophora glomerata
Cr, Mn
& Mg
–OH, –NH, P¼O or –SO 3
À
Michalak
et al. (2018)
Merismopedia tenuissima
Cd &
Cu
–OH, –NH 2 , –CH, C¼O, COO–,
C– O, –COO, –COOH, C¼O of
polysaccharides
Fawzy
(2016)
Acanthophora spicifera
Cr,
Hg, Cd
& Pb
–NH 2 , –COOH, –O–SO 3
À & –OH Tamilselvan
et al. (2011)
Padina tetrastromatica
Cd
–NH 2 , C–H, C–O, C–O–P, C–C,
C–O–C, P¼O
D’Souza
et al. (2008)
Ceramium virgatum
Pb, Cd –OH, –NH 2 , –CH, C–OH & –
COOH, P¼O
Hannachi
(2012)
Cheatomorpha antennina
Cu
–NH 2 , –OH, ÀNO2, CO 3
2À
Lahari et al.
(2013)
Ulva lactuca
Cd
CH3–, NH2
+ –CH 2 CH 3 , C 6 H 6 , –
CONH 2 , –C¼C–, C–OH & C 6 H 5 –
OH
Saleh (2018)
Padina pavonica
Cd
–COOH, –CONH 2 , C–OH & C
6 H 5 OH
Sargassum fluitans
Cd
–C¼O, –COOH & –SO 3
À
Fourest and
Volesky
(1996)
Ulva lactuca, Jania rubens,
Pterocladia capillacea a,
Colpomenia sinosa
Pb, Cd
& Ni
–OH, –NH 2 , P¼O, CÀO & C¼O Ibrahim
et al. (2018)
Marine algae and freshwater algae
biomass
Cu,
Pb, Zn
& Cd
–OH, (C 31 H 34 O 11 ) n , CH 3 CO, C–
H, C–C, C–O, and C–N
Utomo et al.
(2016)
Microalgae
Chlorella vulgaris
Tl &
Cd
–COOH & –NH 2
Birungi and
Chirwa
(2017)
Scenedesmus acuminutus
Tl &
Cd
–NH 2
+ &– NH 2
+
(continued)
282
A. Ayele et al.