acids from environmental sources, has allowed the study of diversity among microorganisms. By performing nucleic acid analysis on environmental samples, scientists
can actively study the microbial communities present in the soil without cultivation
(Jeffries et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2010). Every organism in the surrounding environment has a unique set of genomes, and all community members with mixed genomes
form a “metagenome.” Metagenome technology (metagenomics) has led to the
accumulation of DNA sequences, which are now used to develop new biotechnological applications (Kumar et al. 2015). Due to the limitation of being able to
cultivate every kind of microorganism present in the environment, genomics search
has appeared and will always lead to the dissection of previously unknown genes and
proteins, which can be used more effectively to degrade chemical pesticides (Jeffries
et al. 2018; Rayu et al. 2012).
7.3 Genomics and Proteomics Role in Biodegradation
of Pesticides
The traditional molecular biology and genetics approaches are part of functional
genomics methods, which can analyze the phenotypic modifications caused by
mutagenesis or gene knockout in the organism’s genome. Currently, functional
genomics has received widespread attention due to the use of important innovative
technologies for whole-genome assessment using bioinformatics (Jaiswal et al.
2019).
The new approaches include proteomics for microarrays and metabolic engineering for identifying proteins, characterizing, and expressing them to study their
interactions and transcriptome profiles (Zhao and Poh 2008). The implementation
of proteomics in environmental bioremediation research provides a global view of
the biological composition of microbial cells and provides a promising strategy for
the use of molecular methods of bioremediation (Jaiswal et al. 2019). Proteomics
study shows the changes in protein patterns, as well as the functions and interactions
between proteins (Kellner 2000; Chandrasekhar et al. 2014). It can also show the
gene expression and regulation and protein-protein interaction of comprehensive
analysis (Baginsky et al. 2010; Aslam et al. 2017). The mixed use of proteomics and
genomics allows us to gain insight into the regulatory checkpoints of various
metabolic pathways, thereby improving the understanding of gene functions
(Manzoni et al. 2016).
Due to exposure to xenobiotic compounds in biological samples, proteomics has
allowed extensive evaluation of the overall changes in protein profiles. The identification of key proteins involved in microbial responses in a given physiological
state can promote the understanding of which genes are involved in the bioremediation process and how to regulate them (Singh 2017). Recently, proteomics research
has been used to identify the degradation pathways of various xenobiotic compounds
and their adaptive responses to their toxic effects in different microorganisms (Liu
164
R. K. Ravi and R. Y. Hiranmai
can actively study the microbial communities present in the soil without cultivation
(Jeffries et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2010). Every organism in the surrounding environment has a unique set of genomes, and all community members with mixed genomes
form a “metagenome.” Metagenome technology (metagenomics) has led to the
accumulation of DNA sequences, which are now used to develop new biotechnological applications (Kumar et al. 2015). Due to the limitation of being able to
cultivate every kind of microorganism present in the environment, genomics search
has appeared and will always lead to the dissection of previously unknown genes and
proteins, which can be used more effectively to degrade chemical pesticides (Jeffries
et al. 2018; Rayu et al. 2012).
7.3 Genomics and Proteomics Role in Biodegradation
of Pesticides
The traditional molecular biology and genetics approaches are part of functional
genomics methods, which can analyze the phenotypic modifications caused by
mutagenesis or gene knockout in the organism’s genome. Currently, functional
genomics has received widespread attention due to the use of important innovative
technologies for whole-genome assessment using bioinformatics (Jaiswal et al.
2019).
The new approaches include proteomics for microarrays and metabolic engineering for identifying proteins, characterizing, and expressing them to study their
interactions and transcriptome profiles (Zhao and Poh 2008). The implementation
of proteomics in environmental bioremediation research provides a global view of
the biological composition of microbial cells and provides a promising strategy for
the use of molecular methods of bioremediation (Jaiswal et al. 2019). Proteomics
study shows the changes in protein patterns, as well as the functions and interactions
between proteins (Kellner 2000; Chandrasekhar et al. 2014). It can also show the
gene expression and regulation and protein-protein interaction of comprehensive
analysis (Baginsky et al. 2010; Aslam et al. 2017). The mixed use of proteomics and
genomics allows us to gain insight into the regulatory checkpoints of various
metabolic pathways, thereby improving the understanding of gene functions
(Manzoni et al. 2016).
Due to exposure to xenobiotic compounds in biological samples, proteomics has
allowed extensive evaluation of the overall changes in protein profiles. The identification of key proteins involved in microbial responses in a given physiological
state can promote the understanding of which genes are involved in the bioremediation process and how to regulate them (Singh 2017). Recently, proteomics research
has been used to identify the degradation pathways of various xenobiotic compounds
and their adaptive responses to their toxic effects in different microorganisms (Liu
164
R. K. Ravi and R. Y. Hiranmai