et al. 2017; Seo et al. 2013; Vandera et al. 2015; Festa et al. 2017; Wei et al. 2017).
Several studies regarding microbial biotransformation and their specific effects on
biological systems have been carried out, but extensive effects on the global
metabolism of microorganisms with the ability to degrade these molecules have
not yet been discovered (Bardot et al. 2015). Microbial degradation of pesticides
using proteomics methods can determine the relevant enzymes, catalyzing the
process, and the main metabolic pathways, utilizing carbon as energy, and the
proteins related to damage caused by pesticide exposure. The application of proteomics methods in the field of pesticide biodegradation research has recently become
more and more important.
The prime objective of the functional genomics technique is to use basic strategies to expand the scope of biological research, from the analysis of the function of a
single gene and protein to the simultaneous and systematic analysis of all genes and
proteins in the system (Rayu et al. 2012). The direct method to assess the biological
function of genes is to determine the specific conditions under which the gene is
disrupted or complementary to other genes. The combined use of transcriptomics
and proteomics with traditional genetic methods is helpful to understand the gene
function (Rayu et al. 2012; Zhao and Poh 2008). Metabolic engineering evaluates
molecular biology approaches to improve cell characteristics, by applying the
rational genetic alterations (Santos-Merino et al. 2019). A precise knowledge
about microbial physiology and host cells will promote an effective bioremediation
process (Rayu et al. 2012). With the development of new genomics tools, problems,
such as oxygen stress, availability of nutrients, or high concentrations of pollutants
along different geochemical gradients, can be solved (Ruuskanen et al. 2019).
Finally, by monitoring the overall microbial community structure and function,
strong decision can be made on how to control the field environment conditions to
achieve effective bioremediation of pesticides (Maphosa et al. 2012).
7.4 Nanotechnological Approaches for Biodegradation
of Pesticides
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising technology with increasing applications in all applied fields, including the field of bioremediation, where it can be
applied to remove the soil contamination (Guerra et al. 2018). Due to increase in
pollution and its toxic effects, the use of this technologies to remove pesticides has
attracted the attention of the scientific community. The size and unique properties of
nanomaterials have become the point of interest for remediation of various environmental pollutants, including organic pesticides (Maeda 2011). Nowadays,
nanocomposites, bio-nanopolymers, nanoparticles, and bimetallic nanoparticles
have been widely used for detection and remediation of pesticide (Garcia and
Takashima 2003). The metal oxide nanoparticles are effective photocatalysts that
can degrade various toxic pollutants (Panigrahi et al. 2004; Shah et al. 2003).
8 Bioremediation: Efficient Technology to Combat Pesticide Pollutants in. . .
165
Several studies regarding microbial biotransformation and their specific effects on
biological systems have been carried out, but extensive effects on the global
metabolism of microorganisms with the ability to degrade these molecules have
not yet been discovered (Bardot et al. 2015). Microbial degradation of pesticides
using proteomics methods can determine the relevant enzymes, catalyzing the
process, and the main metabolic pathways, utilizing carbon as energy, and the
proteins related to damage caused by pesticide exposure. The application of proteomics methods in the field of pesticide biodegradation research has recently become
more and more important.
The prime objective of the functional genomics technique is to use basic strategies to expand the scope of biological research, from the analysis of the function of a
single gene and protein to the simultaneous and systematic analysis of all genes and
proteins in the system (Rayu et al. 2012). The direct method to assess the biological
function of genes is to determine the specific conditions under which the gene is
disrupted or complementary to other genes. The combined use of transcriptomics
and proteomics with traditional genetic methods is helpful to understand the gene
function (Rayu et al. 2012; Zhao and Poh 2008). Metabolic engineering evaluates
molecular biology approaches to improve cell characteristics, by applying the
rational genetic alterations (Santos-Merino et al. 2019). A precise knowledge
about microbial physiology and host cells will promote an effective bioremediation
process (Rayu et al. 2012). With the development of new genomics tools, problems,
such as oxygen stress, availability of nutrients, or high concentrations of pollutants
along different geochemical gradients, can be solved (Ruuskanen et al. 2019).
Finally, by monitoring the overall microbial community structure and function,
strong decision can be made on how to control the field environment conditions to
achieve effective bioremediation of pesticides (Maphosa et al. 2012).
7.4 Nanotechnological Approaches for Biodegradation
of Pesticides
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising technology with increasing applications in all applied fields, including the field of bioremediation, where it can be
applied to remove the soil contamination (Guerra et al. 2018). Due to increase in
pollution and its toxic effects, the use of this technologies to remove pesticides has
attracted the attention of the scientific community. The size and unique properties of
nanomaterials have become the point of interest for remediation of various environmental pollutants, including organic pesticides (Maeda 2011). Nowadays,
nanocomposites, bio-nanopolymers, nanoparticles, and bimetallic nanoparticles
have been widely used for detection and remediation of pesticide (Garcia and
Takashima 2003). The metal oxide nanoparticles are effective photocatalysts that
can degrade various toxic pollutants (Panigrahi et al. 2004; Shah et al. 2003).
8 Bioremediation: Efficient Technology to Combat Pesticide Pollutants in. . .
165