viii
Contents
Type 1—Simple Cell Membrane ...................................................................... 49
Type 2—Cell Surface with Additional Extracellular Material ........................ 50
Type 3—Cell Surface with Additional Intracellular Material
in Vesicles .........................................................................................................60
Type 4—Cell Surface with Additional Extracellular and Intracellular
Material ............................................................................................................. 62
Flagella and Associated Structures .......................................................................66
Flagellar Shape and Surface Features .............................................................. 68
Flagellar Scales ................................................................................................. 68
Flagellar Hairs .................................................................................................. 70
Flagellar Spines ................................................................................................ 72
Internal Features of the Flagellum ........................................................................ 72
Axoneme ........................................................................................................... 72
Paraxial Rod ..................................................................................................... 73
Other Intraflagellar Accessory Structures ........................................................ 74
Transition Zone ................................................................................................. 75
Basal Bodies ..................................................................................................... 79
Root System ...................................................................................................... 82
How Algae Move ................................................................................................... 93
Swimming......................................................................................................... 93
Movements Other than Swimming ...................................................................99
Buoyancy Control ........................................................................................... 100
How a Flagellum Is Built: The Intraflagellar Transport ................................. 102
How a Flagellar Motor Works ........................................................................ 103
How a Paraxial Rod Works ............................................................................ 104
The Photoreceptor Apparata ............................................................................... 104
Types of Photoreceptive Systems ............................................................................. 106
Type I ................................................................................................................... 106
Type II ................................................................................................................. 108
Type III ................................................................................................................ 109
Photoreceptive Proteins ....................................................................................... 111
Fundamental Behavioral and Physiological Features.......................................... 111
Sampling Strategies ........................................................................................ 112
Trajectory Control ........................................................................................... 113
Signal Transmission ........................................................................................ 114
An Example: Photoreceptor and Photoreception in Euglena .............................. 114
Chloroplasts .................................................................................................... 118
The Nucleus, Nuclear Division, and Cytokinesis ........................................... 126
Ejectile Organelles and Feeding Apparata ..................................................... 132
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 137
Chapter 3 Photosynthesis .......................................................................................................... 141
Light ......................................................................................................................... 141
Photosynthesis .......................................................................................................... 144
Light-Dependent Reactions ...................................................................................... 145
PSII and PSI: Structure, Function, and Organization ......................................... 153
ATP Synthase ...................................................................................................... 155
ETC Components ................................................................................................ 155
Electron Transport: The Z-Scheme ..................................................................... 157
Proton Transport: Mechanism of Photosynthetic Phosphorylation ..................... 158
Contents
Type 1—Simple Cell Membrane ...................................................................... 49
Type 2—Cell Surface with Additional Extracellular Material ........................ 50
Type 3—Cell Surface with Additional Intracellular Material
in Vesicles .........................................................................................................60
Type 4—Cell Surface with Additional Extracellular and Intracellular
Material ............................................................................................................. 62
Flagella and Associated Structures .......................................................................66
Flagellar Shape and Surface Features .............................................................. 68
Flagellar Scales ................................................................................................. 68
Flagellar Hairs .................................................................................................. 70
Flagellar Spines ................................................................................................ 72
Internal Features of the Flagellum ........................................................................ 72
Axoneme ........................................................................................................... 72
Paraxial Rod ..................................................................................................... 73
Other Intraflagellar Accessory Structures ........................................................ 74
Transition Zone ................................................................................................. 75
Basal Bodies ..................................................................................................... 79
Root System ...................................................................................................... 82
How Algae Move ................................................................................................... 93
Swimming......................................................................................................... 93
Movements Other than Swimming ...................................................................99
Buoyancy Control ........................................................................................... 100
How a Flagellum Is Built: The Intraflagellar Transport ................................. 102
How a Flagellar Motor Works ........................................................................ 103
How a Paraxial Rod Works ............................................................................ 104
The Photoreceptor Apparata ............................................................................... 104
Types of Photoreceptive Systems ............................................................................. 106
Type I ................................................................................................................... 106
Type II ................................................................................................................. 108
Type III ................................................................................................................ 109
Photoreceptive Proteins ....................................................................................... 111
Fundamental Behavioral and Physiological Features.......................................... 111
Sampling Strategies ........................................................................................ 112
Trajectory Control ........................................................................................... 113
Signal Transmission ........................................................................................ 114
An Example: Photoreceptor and Photoreception in Euglena .............................. 114
Chloroplasts .................................................................................................... 118
The Nucleus, Nuclear Division, and Cytokinesis ........................................... 126
Ejectile Organelles and Feeding Apparata ..................................................... 132
Suggested Reading ................................................................................................... 137
Chapter 3 Photosynthesis .......................................................................................................... 141
Light ......................................................................................................................... 141
Photosynthesis .......................................................................................................... 144
Light-Dependent Reactions ...................................................................................... 145
PSII and PSI: Structure, Function, and Organization ......................................... 153
ATP Synthase ...................................................................................................... 155
ETC Components ................................................................................................ 155
Electron Transport: The Z-Scheme ..................................................................... 157
Proton Transport: Mechanism of Photosynthetic Phosphorylation ..................... 158