vii
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................ xiii
Authors ............................................................................................................................................. xv
Chapter 1 General Overview ........................................................................................................ 1
Definition ......................................................................................................................1
Classification ................................................................................................................ 2
Occurrence and Distribution ........................................................................................ 2
Structure of Thallus—Cytomorphological Types ........................................................6
Unicells and Unicell Colonial Type.........................................................................8
Filamentous Type .................................................................................................. 10
Siphonocladous Type ............................................................................................. 13
Siphonous Type...................................................................................................... 13
Parenchymatous and Pseudo-Parenchymatous Type............................................. 14
Palmelloid Type ..................................................................................................... 15
Nutrition ..................................................................................................................... 16
Reproduction .............................................................................................................. 17
Vegetative and Asexual Reproduction ................................................................... 17
Binary Fission or Cellular Bisection ................................................................. 17
Zoospore, Aplanospore, and Autospore ........................................................... 18
Autocolony Formation ...................................................................................... 18
Fragmentation ................................................................................................... 18
Resting Stages ................................................................................................... 18
Sexual Reproduction ..............................................................................................20
Haplontic or Zygotic Life Cycle ........................................................................20
Diplontic or Gametic Life Cycle .......................................................................20
Diplohaplontic or Sporic Life Cycles................................................................20
Summaries of the 11 Algal Phyla ............................................................................... 22
Cyanobacteria ........................................................................................................ 22
Glaucophyta ...........................................................................................................24
Rhodophyta ...........................................................................................................25
Chlorophyta ........................................................................................................... 29
Charophyta ............................................................................................................ 32
Haptophyta ............................................................................................................ 33
Cryptophyta ........................................................................................................... 35
Ochrophyta ............................................................................................................ 35
Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae ........................................................................ 39
Myzozoa—Dinophyceae ....................................................................................... 39
Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae .............................................................................. 41
Endosymbiosis and Origin of Eukaryotic Photosynthesis ......................................... 42
Suggested Reading .....................................................................................................46
Chapter 2 Anatomy ..................................................................................................................... 49
Cytomorphology and Ultrastructure .......................................................................... 49
Outside the Cell ..................................................................................................... 49
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................ xiii
Authors ............................................................................................................................................. xv
Chapter 1 General Overview ........................................................................................................ 1
Definition ......................................................................................................................1
Classification ................................................................................................................ 2
Occurrence and Distribution ........................................................................................ 2
Structure of Thallus—Cytomorphological Types ........................................................6
Unicells and Unicell Colonial Type.........................................................................8
Filamentous Type .................................................................................................. 10
Siphonocladous Type ............................................................................................. 13
Siphonous Type...................................................................................................... 13
Parenchymatous and Pseudo-Parenchymatous Type............................................. 14
Palmelloid Type ..................................................................................................... 15
Nutrition ..................................................................................................................... 16
Reproduction .............................................................................................................. 17
Vegetative and Asexual Reproduction ................................................................... 17
Binary Fission or Cellular Bisection ................................................................. 17
Zoospore, Aplanospore, and Autospore ........................................................... 18
Autocolony Formation ...................................................................................... 18
Fragmentation ................................................................................................... 18
Resting Stages ................................................................................................... 18
Sexual Reproduction ..............................................................................................20
Haplontic or Zygotic Life Cycle ........................................................................20
Diplontic or Gametic Life Cycle .......................................................................20
Diplohaplontic or Sporic Life Cycles................................................................20
Summaries of the 11 Algal Phyla ............................................................................... 22
Cyanobacteria ........................................................................................................ 22
Glaucophyta ...........................................................................................................24
Rhodophyta ...........................................................................................................25
Chlorophyta ........................................................................................................... 29
Charophyta ............................................................................................................ 32
Haptophyta ............................................................................................................ 33
Cryptophyta ........................................................................................................... 35
Ochrophyta ............................................................................................................ 35
Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae ........................................................................ 39
Myzozoa—Dinophyceae ....................................................................................... 39
Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae .............................................................................. 41
Endosymbiosis and Origin of Eukaryotic Photosynthesis ......................................... 42
Suggested Reading .....................................................................................................46
Chapter 2 Anatomy ..................................................................................................................... 49
Cytomorphology and Ultrastructure .......................................................................... 49
Outside the Cell ..................................................................................................... 49