ln CAE it ¼ β 0 þ β 1 ETSpilot it þ β 2 T it þ β 3 ETSpilot it à T it
ð
Þ þ β 4 ln POP it
þβ 5 ln GDP it þ β 6 SEI it þ β 7 TEC it þ β 8 WAG it þ β 9 URB it þ β 10 ENV it þ γ t þ μ i
þε s
ð15:2Þ
CAEPP it ¼ β 0 þ β 1 ETSpilot it þ β 2 T it þ β 3 ETSpilot it à T it
ð
Þ þ β 4 ln POP it
þβ 5 ln GDP it þ β 6 SEI it þ β 7 TEC it þ β 8 WAG it þ β 9 URB it þ β 10 ENV it þ γ t þ μ i
þε it
ð15:3Þ
CAI it ¼ β 0 þ β 1 ETSpilot it þ β 2 T it þ β 3 ETSpilot it à T it
ð
Þ þ β 4 ln POP it
þβ 5 ln GDP it þ β 6 SEI it þ β 7 TEC it þ β 8 WAG it þ β 9 URB it þ β 10 ENV it þ γ t þ μ i
þε it
ð15:4Þ
ln ENC it ¼ β 0 þ β 1 ETSpilot it þ β 2 T it þ β 3 ETSpilot it à T it
ð
Þ þ β 4 ln POP it
þβ 5 ln GDP it þ β 6 SEI it þ β 7 TEC it þ β 8 WAG it þ β 9 URB it þ β 10 ENV it þ γ t þ μ i
þε it
ð15:5Þ
ENI it ¼ β 0 þ β 1 ETSpilot it þ β 2 T it þ β 3 ETSpilot it à T it
ð
Þ þ β 4 ln POP it
þβ 5 ln GDP it þ β 6 SEI it þ β 7 TEC it þ β 8 WAG it þ β 9 URB it þ β 10 ENV it þ γ t þ μ i
þε it
ð15:6Þ
15.3.2.2 Data Collection
Fossil fuel-related CO 2 emissions by energy type were calculated following the
IPCC (2006):
CE i ¼ EN i à EF i
ð15:7Þ
where CE i is the CO 2 emissions from energy type i; EN i is the annual consumption
of the ith energy source according to the China Statistical Yearbook from 2011 to
2018; and EF i is the emission factor for the ith fossil fuel. According to IPCC (2006),
the CO 2 emission factors are estimated as follows:
CE i ¼ EN i à EF i
ð15:8Þ
where C i is the carbon content, O is the oxidation rate, and J i is the average low
calorific value of energy i. The emission factors of each energy type are shown in
15 Design and Analysis of a Carbon Emissions Trading System for Low-Carbon. . .
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