Selectivity
The discrimination demonstrated by a reagent in competitive attack on two or
more substrates or on two or more positions in the same substrate. It is
quantitatively formulated by ratios of rate constants of the competing reactions or by the logarithms of these ratios.
References
1. Pure Earth, Green Cross Switzerland (2016) The world's worst pollution problems 2016: toxics
beneath our feet. https://www.worstpolluted.org/docs/WorldsWorst2016.pdf
2. Fergusson JE (1990) The heavy elements: chemistry, environmental impact and health effects.
Pergamon Press, Oxford
3. Green Cross Switzerland, Blacksmith Institute (2012) The world's worst pollution problems:
assessing health risks at hazardous waste sites. https://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/
files/WWPP_2012.pdf
4. Jomova K, Valko M (2011) Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease.
Toxicology 283(2–3):65–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001
5. National Toxicology Program (2016) Report on carcinogens, 14th edn. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park
6. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the
environment. In: Luch A (ed) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology, Experientia
supplementum, vol 101. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
7. Solomon F (2008) Impacts of metals on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Environ
Commun:14–19
8. Wright DA, Welbourn P (2002) Environmental toxicology. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK
9. Bradl H (2005) Heavy metals in the environment: origin, interaction and remediation. Elsevier/
Academic Press, London
10. Wang Z, Rossman TG (1996) The carcinogenecity of arsenic. In: Chang T (ed) Toxicology of
metals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 221–229
11. Tchounwou PB, Wilson BA, Abdelgnani AA, Ishaque AB, Patlolla AK (2002) Differential
cytotoxicity and gene expression in human liver carcinoma (Hepg2) cells exposed to arsenic
trioxide and monosodium acid methanearsonate (Msma). Int J Mol Sci 3:1117–1132
12. Waalkes MP, Liu J, Ward JM, Diwan LA (2004) Mechanisms underlying arsenic carcinogenesis: hypersensitivity of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic during gestation. Toxicology
198:31–38
13. Flora SJS, Pachauri V (2010) Chelation in metal Intoxification. Int J Environ Res Public Health
7:2745–2788
14. Rzymski P, Rzymski P, Tomcyzk K, Niedzielki P, Jakubowski K, Poniezialek B, Opala T
(2014) Metal status in human endometrium: relation to cigarette smoking and histological
lesions. Environ Res 132:328–333
15. Dayan AD, Paine AJ (2001) Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenecity and allergenicity; review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Hum Exp Toxicol 20(9):439–451
16. Gal J, Hursthouse A, Tatner P, Stewart F, Welton R (2008) Cobalt and secondary poisoning in
terrestrial food chain: data review and research gaps to support risk assessment. Environ Int
34:821–838
17. Burkitt MJ (2001) A critical overview of the chemistry of copper-dependent low density
lipoprotein oxidation: roles of lipid hydroperoxides, alpha-tocopherol, thiols, and ceruloplasmin. Arch Biochem Biophys 394:117–135
18. Lee DH, Liu DY, Jacobs DR Jr, Shin HR, Song K, Lee IK, Hider RC (2006) Common presence
of non-transferrin-bound Iron among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care
29:1090–1095
9 Agricultural Waste-Derived Adsorbents for Decontamination of Heavy Metals
387
The discrimination demonstrated by a reagent in competitive attack on two or
more substrates or on two or more positions in the same substrate. It is
quantitatively formulated by ratios of rate constants of the competing reactions or by the logarithms of these ratios.
References
1. Pure Earth, Green Cross Switzerland (2016) The world's worst pollution problems 2016: toxics
beneath our feet. https://www.worstpolluted.org/docs/WorldsWorst2016.pdf
2. Fergusson JE (1990) The heavy elements: chemistry, environmental impact and health effects.
Pergamon Press, Oxford
3. Green Cross Switzerland, Blacksmith Institute (2012) The world's worst pollution problems:
assessing health risks at hazardous waste sites. https://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/
files/WWPP_2012.pdf
4. Jomova K, Valko M (2011) Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease.
Toxicology 283(2–3):65–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001
5. National Toxicology Program (2016) Report on carcinogens, 14th edn. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park
6. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the
environment. In: Luch A (ed) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology, Experientia
supplementum, vol 101. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
7. Solomon F (2008) Impacts of metals on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Environ
Commun:14–19
8. Wright DA, Welbourn P (2002) Environmental toxicology. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK
9. Bradl H (2005) Heavy metals in the environment: origin, interaction and remediation. Elsevier/
Academic Press, London
10. Wang Z, Rossman TG (1996) The carcinogenecity of arsenic. In: Chang T (ed) Toxicology of
metals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 221–229
11. Tchounwou PB, Wilson BA, Abdelgnani AA, Ishaque AB, Patlolla AK (2002) Differential
cytotoxicity and gene expression in human liver carcinoma (Hepg2) cells exposed to arsenic
trioxide and monosodium acid methanearsonate (Msma). Int J Mol Sci 3:1117–1132
12. Waalkes MP, Liu J, Ward JM, Diwan LA (2004) Mechanisms underlying arsenic carcinogenesis: hypersensitivity of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic during gestation. Toxicology
198:31–38
13. Flora SJS, Pachauri V (2010) Chelation in metal Intoxification. Int J Environ Res Public Health
7:2745–2788
14. Rzymski P, Rzymski P, Tomcyzk K, Niedzielki P, Jakubowski K, Poniezialek B, Opala T
(2014) Metal status in human endometrium: relation to cigarette smoking and histological
lesions. Environ Res 132:328–333
15. Dayan AD, Paine AJ (2001) Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenecity and allergenicity; review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Hum Exp Toxicol 20(9):439–451
16. Gal J, Hursthouse A, Tatner P, Stewart F, Welton R (2008) Cobalt and secondary poisoning in
terrestrial food chain: data review and research gaps to support risk assessment. Environ Int
34:821–838
17. Burkitt MJ (2001) A critical overview of the chemistry of copper-dependent low density
lipoprotein oxidation: roles of lipid hydroperoxides, alpha-tocopherol, thiols, and ceruloplasmin. Arch Biochem Biophys 394:117–135
18. Lee DH, Liu DY, Jacobs DR Jr, Shin HR, Song K, Lee IK, Hider RC (2006) Common presence
of non-transferrin-bound Iron among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care
29:1090–1095
9 Agricultural Waste-Derived Adsorbents for Decontamination of Heavy Metals
387