Adsorption
capacity
The amount of adsorbate taken up by the adsorbent per unit mass (or volume)
of the adsorbent.
Agricultural
wastes
Unwanted or unsalable materials produced wholly from agricultural operations directly related to the growing of crops or raising of animals for the
primary purpose of making a profit or for a livelihood.
Anionic
A negatively charged ion, as one attracted to the anode in electrolysis. Any
negatively charged atom or group of atoms.
Aquatic
ecosystem
A group of interacting organisms which are dependent on one another and
their water environment for nutrients and shelter.
Biochar
A charcoal-like substance that is made by burning organic material from
agricultural and forestry wastes (also called biomass) in a controlled process
called pyrolysis.
Biomass
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a
renewable source of energy. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun.
Cationic
A positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. Any
positively charged atom or group of atoms.
Cellulose
A natural linear polymer (polysaccharide) with a molecular repeat unit comprised of a pair of d-anhydroglucose ring units joined by β-1 ! 4 glycosidic
oxygen linkages around which the molecular chain can bend and twist.
Chemical
precipitation
Formation of a separable solid substance from a solution, either by converting
the substance into an insoluble form or by changing the composition of the
solvent to diminish the solubility of the substance in it.
Coagulation
A process for combining small particles into larger aggregates (flocs). A
chemical water treatment technique typically applied prior to sedimentation
and filtration.
Carbonization
A process by which solid residues with increasing content of the element
carbon are formed from organic material usually by pyrolysis in an inert
atmosphere.
Ecosystem
A geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as
weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
Electrochemical
treatment
Uses electrolysis and fuel cell technology to treat water and wastewater such
as electrocoagulation/ electro-flotation, electrodialysis, electro-reduction,
sono-electrolysis, and electro-oxidation.
Filtration
A process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the
latter to pass through the pores of some substance (filter).
Heavy metals
Metallic cation and anion that have relatively high density and toxic or
poisonous at low concentrations.
Hemicellulose
The second most abundant chemical constituent of woody and grassy biomass
and is present along with cellulose in almost all terrestrial plant cell walls.
Also known as polyose.
Human health
A complete state of physical, psychological, and social wellbeing of
individuals.
Ion exchange
A reversible chemical reaction where dissolved ions are removed from the
solution and replaced with other ions of the same or similar electrical charge.
Kinetics
The study of reaction rates. The branch of mechanics that deals with the
actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses.
Lignin
An irregular polyphenolic polymer which is synthesized by dehydrogenative
polymerization of phenyl propanoid units, namely, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl
alcohol, and coumaryl alcohol, which corresponds to guaiacyl (G), syringyl
(S), and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) structures of lignin, respectively.
Physicochemical Pertaining both physical and chemical properties, changes, and reactions of or
according to physical chemistry.
386
S.-F. Lim et al.
capacity
The amount of adsorbate taken up by the adsorbent per unit mass (or volume)
of the adsorbent.
Agricultural
wastes
Unwanted or unsalable materials produced wholly from agricultural operations directly related to the growing of crops or raising of animals for the
primary purpose of making a profit or for a livelihood.
Anionic
A negatively charged ion, as one attracted to the anode in electrolysis. Any
negatively charged atom or group of atoms.
Aquatic
ecosystem
A group of interacting organisms which are dependent on one another and
their water environment for nutrients and shelter.
Biochar
A charcoal-like substance that is made by burning organic material from
agricultural and forestry wastes (also called biomass) in a controlled process
called pyrolysis.
Biomass
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it is a
renewable source of energy. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun.
Cationic
A positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. Any
positively charged atom or group of atoms.
Cellulose
A natural linear polymer (polysaccharide) with a molecular repeat unit comprised of a pair of d-anhydroglucose ring units joined by β-1 ! 4 glycosidic
oxygen linkages around which the molecular chain can bend and twist.
Chemical
precipitation
Formation of a separable solid substance from a solution, either by converting
the substance into an insoluble form or by changing the composition of the
solvent to diminish the solubility of the substance in it.
Coagulation
A process for combining small particles into larger aggregates (flocs). A
chemical water treatment technique typically applied prior to sedimentation
and filtration.
Carbonization
A process by which solid residues with increasing content of the element
carbon are formed from organic material usually by pyrolysis in an inert
atmosphere.
Ecosystem
A geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as
weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
Electrochemical
treatment
Uses electrolysis and fuel cell technology to treat water and wastewater such
as electrocoagulation/ electro-flotation, electrodialysis, electro-reduction,
sono-electrolysis, and electro-oxidation.
Filtration
A process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the
latter to pass through the pores of some substance (filter).
Heavy metals
Metallic cation and anion that have relatively high density and toxic or
poisonous at low concentrations.
Hemicellulose
The second most abundant chemical constituent of woody and grassy biomass
and is present along with cellulose in almost all terrestrial plant cell walls.
Also known as polyose.
Human health
A complete state of physical, psychological, and social wellbeing of
individuals.
Ion exchange
A reversible chemical reaction where dissolved ions are removed from the
solution and replaced with other ions of the same or similar electrical charge.
Kinetics
The study of reaction rates. The branch of mechanics that deals with the
actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses.
Lignin
An irregular polyphenolic polymer which is synthesized by dehydrogenative
polymerization of phenyl propanoid units, namely, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl
alcohol, and coumaryl alcohol, which corresponds to guaiacyl (G), syringyl
(S), and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) structures of lignin, respectively.
Physicochemical Pertaining both physical and chemical properties, changes, and reactions of or
according to physical chemistry.
386
S.-F. Lim et al.