19. Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL (2004) Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in
hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 122:339–352
20. Droge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev
82:47–95
21. Inoue M, Sato EF, Nishikawa M, Park AM, Kari Y, Imada I, Utsumi K (2003) Mitochondrial
generation of reactive oxygen species and its role in aerobic life. Curr Med Chem 10:2495–2505
22. Borja-Aburto V, Hertz-Picciotto I, Rojas Lopez M, Farias P, Rios C, Blanco J (1999) Blood
lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 150
(6):590–597
23. Szkup-Jablonska M, Karakiewicz B, Grochans E, Jurczak A, Nowak-Starz G, Rotter I,
Prokopowicz A (2012) Effects of blood lead and cadmium levels on the functioning of children
with behaviour disorders in the family environment. Ann Agric Environ Med 19(2):241–246
24. Kaul B, Sandhu RS, Depratt C, Reyes F (1999) Follow-up screening of lead-poisoned children
near an auto battery recycling plant, Haina, Dominican Republic. Environ Health Perspect 107
(11):917–720
25. Hertz-Picciotto I (2000) The evidence that lead increases the risk for spontaneous abortion. Am
J Ind Med 38:300–309
26. Wasana HMS, Perera GDRK, Gunawardena PDS, Fernando PS, Bandara J (2017) Who water
quality standards vs synergic effect(S) of fluoride, heavy metals and hardness in drinking water
on kidney tissues. Sci Rep 7:42516. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42516
27. Lim HS, Lee HH, Kim TH, Lee BR (2016) Relationship between heavy metal exposure and
bone mineral density in Korean adult. J Bone Metabol 23(4):223–231. https://doi.org/10.11005/
jbm.2016.23.4.223
28. Corradi M, Mutti A (2011) Metal ions affecting the pulmonary and cardiovasular system. Metal
Ions Life Sci 8:81–105
29. Gautam RK, Mudhoo A, Lofrano G, Chattopadhyaya MC (2014) Biomass-derived biosorbents
for metal ions sequestration: adsorbent modification and activation methods and adsorbent
regeneration. J Environ Chem Eng 2(1):239–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.12.019
30. Nguyen TAH, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Zhang J, Liang S, Yue QY et al (2013) Applicability of
agricultural waste and by-products for adsorptive removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
Bioresource Technol 148:574–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.124
31. Ghani WWAK, Abdullah MF, Loung C, Ho C, Matori K (2008) Characterization of vitrified
malaysian agrowaste ashes as potential recycling material. Int J Eng Technol 5:111–117
32. Mo J, Yang Q, Zhang N, Zhang W, Zheng Y, Zhang Z (2018) A review on agro-industrial waste
(AIW) derived adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment. J Environ Manag 227:395–405
33. Georgieva VG, Gonsalvesh L, Tavlieva MP (2020) Thermodynamics and kinetics of the
removal of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions by biochar adsorbent made from agrowaste walnut shells. J Mol Liq 312:112788
34. Khattak MMUR, Zahoor M, Muhammad B, Khan FA, Ullah R, AbdEI-Salam NM (2017)
Removal of heavy metals from drinking water by magnetic carbon nanostructures prepared
from biomass. J Nanomater 2017:5670371, 10 pages
35. Thines KR, Abdullah EC, Mubarak NM, Ruthiraan M (2017) Synthesis of magnetic biochar
from agricultural waste biomass to enhancing route for waste water and polymer application: a
review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:257–276
36. Yi Y, Huang Z, Lu B, Xian J, Tsang PE, Cheng W, Fang J, Fang Z (2020) Magnetic biochar for
environmental remediation: a review. Bioresour Technol 298:122468
37. Kılıç M, Kırbıyık Ç, Çepelioğullar Ö, Pütün AE (2013) Adsorption of heavy metal ions from
aqueous solutions by bio-char, a by-product of pyrolysis. Appl Surface Sci 283:856–862.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.07.033
38. Mahajan G, Sud D (2013) Application of Ligno-cellulosic waste material for heavy metal ions
removal from aqueous solution. J Environ Chem Eng 1(4):1020–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jece.2013.08.013
388
S.-F. Lim et al.
hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 122:339–352
20. Droge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev
82:47–95
21. Inoue M, Sato EF, Nishikawa M, Park AM, Kari Y, Imada I, Utsumi K (2003) Mitochondrial
generation of reactive oxygen species and its role in aerobic life. Curr Med Chem 10:2495–2505
22. Borja-Aburto V, Hertz-Picciotto I, Rojas Lopez M, Farias P, Rios C, Blanco J (1999) Blood
lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 150
(6):590–597
23. Szkup-Jablonska M, Karakiewicz B, Grochans E, Jurczak A, Nowak-Starz G, Rotter I,
Prokopowicz A (2012) Effects of blood lead and cadmium levels on the functioning of children
with behaviour disorders in the family environment. Ann Agric Environ Med 19(2):241–246
24. Kaul B, Sandhu RS, Depratt C, Reyes F (1999) Follow-up screening of lead-poisoned children
near an auto battery recycling plant, Haina, Dominican Republic. Environ Health Perspect 107
(11):917–720
25. Hertz-Picciotto I (2000) The evidence that lead increases the risk for spontaneous abortion. Am
J Ind Med 38:300–309
26. Wasana HMS, Perera GDRK, Gunawardena PDS, Fernando PS, Bandara J (2017) Who water
quality standards vs synergic effect(S) of fluoride, heavy metals and hardness in drinking water
on kidney tissues. Sci Rep 7:42516. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42516
27. Lim HS, Lee HH, Kim TH, Lee BR (2016) Relationship between heavy metal exposure and
bone mineral density in Korean adult. J Bone Metabol 23(4):223–231. https://doi.org/10.11005/
jbm.2016.23.4.223
28. Corradi M, Mutti A (2011) Metal ions affecting the pulmonary and cardiovasular system. Metal
Ions Life Sci 8:81–105
29. Gautam RK, Mudhoo A, Lofrano G, Chattopadhyaya MC (2014) Biomass-derived biosorbents
for metal ions sequestration: adsorbent modification and activation methods and adsorbent
regeneration. J Environ Chem Eng 2(1):239–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.12.019
30. Nguyen TAH, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Zhang J, Liang S, Yue QY et al (2013) Applicability of
agricultural waste and by-products for adsorptive removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
Bioresource Technol 148:574–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.124
31. Ghani WWAK, Abdullah MF, Loung C, Ho C, Matori K (2008) Characterization of vitrified
malaysian agrowaste ashes as potential recycling material. Int J Eng Technol 5:111–117
32. Mo J, Yang Q, Zhang N, Zhang W, Zheng Y, Zhang Z (2018) A review on agro-industrial waste
(AIW) derived adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment. J Environ Manag 227:395–405
33. Georgieva VG, Gonsalvesh L, Tavlieva MP (2020) Thermodynamics and kinetics of the
removal of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions by biochar adsorbent made from agrowaste walnut shells. J Mol Liq 312:112788
34. Khattak MMUR, Zahoor M, Muhammad B, Khan FA, Ullah R, AbdEI-Salam NM (2017)
Removal of heavy metals from drinking water by magnetic carbon nanostructures prepared
from biomass. J Nanomater 2017:5670371, 10 pages
35. Thines KR, Abdullah EC, Mubarak NM, Ruthiraan M (2017) Synthesis of magnetic biochar
from agricultural waste biomass to enhancing route for waste water and polymer application: a
review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:257–276
36. Yi Y, Huang Z, Lu B, Xian J, Tsang PE, Cheng W, Fang J, Fang Z (2020) Magnetic biochar for
environmental remediation: a review. Bioresour Technol 298:122468
37. Kılıç M, Kırbıyık Ç, Çepelioğullar Ö, Pütün AE (2013) Adsorption of heavy metal ions from
aqueous solutions by bio-char, a by-product of pyrolysis. Appl Surface Sci 283:856–862.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.07.033
38. Mahajan G, Sud D (2013) Application of Ligno-cellulosic waste material for heavy metal ions
removal from aqueous solution. J Environ Chem Eng 1(4):1020–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jece.2013.08.013
388
S.-F. Lim et al.