426
K. Singhal and A. Kumar
range, respectively [105]. For antioxidant and antifungal evaluation, the 2-amino4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized in excellent yield by using a green MNP-IL catalyst composed of s-Triazinium-based ionic
liquid immobilized on silica-coated Fe 3 O 4 . The synthesis was carried out in different
solvents (H 2 O, CH 3 CN and EtOH) and temperature (room temperature, 100 °C and
60 °C). This MNP-IL catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture by
using simple magnet and provided best product yield (94%) with water at 100 °C
due to increased solvent polarity. (Table 16.2). By taking all above point under
consideration, it is clear MNP-IL have potential to synthesis DMs analogue by green
approach.
The recycled catalyst was reused for four consecutive fresh runs with a slight drop
in product yield (95–70%) probably due to the normal loss of catalytic activity during
reaction process. Finally, the developed 2-amino-4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-3carbonitrile derivatives displayed good antioxidant and antifungal activities [106].
Beside all these discussed applications of MNP-IL catalyst in various drug compound
synthesis, there are even more studies available that demonstrate the promising applications of MNP-IL in pharmaceutical industries for synthesis of drug components
with green chemistry approach.
16.4 MBC as Catalyst in DMs Synthesis
Nowadays, BC obtained from pyrolytic conversion of waste biomass under oxygen
limited conditions has been attracted significant interest in nanoscience because of
their large surface area, flexible porosity and particle size, less toxicity, eco-friendly
nature, low cost and easy availability make it as excellent nano-catalytic support
material. The introduction of magnetic properties enhances the catalytic applications
of raw BC, in this prospective the chemical co-precipitation of Fe
2+ /Fe
3+ is carried out
on raw bio-char. The MBC have potential for easy solid-liquid separation and ability
of recyclable at the end of reaction by using external magnetic field, these remarkable
properties of MBC widened its application in different fields [107]. In addition, the
presence of heterogeneous iron and porous carbon nature of MBC provide multifunctionality to it, which make good contribution of MBC in adsorption process and
different catalytic reactions.
The properties exhibited by MBC are approximately similar as possessed by
MNPs. So, MBC can also be used as promising supportive materials for immobilization of ILs, so that they can further utilize in drug synthesis. To the best of our
knowledge, no or very less reports are available on MBC as good support for ILs on
BC surface for their use in drug compound synthesis. However, MBC as catalyst is
widely used in sensing of biomolecules, degradation of several drug components and
removal of various type of impurities from waste water, the enzyme immobilization
on MBC surface was also reported in various studies. MBC have higher enzyme
immobilization capacity compared to raw BC, for example MBC grafted 3.1 times
K. Singhal and A. Kumar
range, respectively [105]. For antioxidant and antifungal evaluation, the 2-amino4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized in excellent yield by using a green MNP-IL catalyst composed of s-Triazinium-based ionic
liquid immobilized on silica-coated Fe 3 O 4 . The synthesis was carried out in different
solvents (H 2 O, CH 3 CN and EtOH) and temperature (room temperature, 100 °C and
60 °C). This MNP-IL catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture by
using simple magnet and provided best product yield (94%) with water at 100 °C
due to increased solvent polarity. (Table 16.2). By taking all above point under
consideration, it is clear MNP-IL have potential to synthesis DMs analogue by green
approach.
The recycled catalyst was reused for four consecutive fresh runs with a slight drop
in product yield (95–70%) probably due to the normal loss of catalytic activity during
reaction process. Finally, the developed 2-amino-4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-3carbonitrile derivatives displayed good antioxidant and antifungal activities [106].
Beside all these discussed applications of MNP-IL catalyst in various drug compound
synthesis, there are even more studies available that demonstrate the promising applications of MNP-IL in pharmaceutical industries for synthesis of drug components
with green chemistry approach.
16.4 MBC as Catalyst in DMs Synthesis
Nowadays, BC obtained from pyrolytic conversion of waste biomass under oxygen
limited conditions has been attracted significant interest in nanoscience because of
their large surface area, flexible porosity and particle size, less toxicity, eco-friendly
nature, low cost and easy availability make it as excellent nano-catalytic support
material. The introduction of magnetic properties enhances the catalytic applications
of raw BC, in this prospective the chemical co-precipitation of Fe
2+ /Fe
3+ is carried out
on raw bio-char. The MBC have potential for easy solid-liquid separation and ability
of recyclable at the end of reaction by using external magnetic field, these remarkable
properties of MBC widened its application in different fields [107]. In addition, the
presence of heterogeneous iron and porous carbon nature of MBC provide multifunctionality to it, which make good contribution of MBC in adsorption process and
different catalytic reactions.
The properties exhibited by MBC are approximately similar as possessed by
MNPs. So, MBC can also be used as promising supportive materials for immobilization of ILs, so that they can further utilize in drug synthesis. To the best of our
knowledge, no or very less reports are available on MBC as good support for ILs on
BC surface for their use in drug compound synthesis. However, MBC as catalyst is
widely used in sensing of biomolecules, degradation of several drug components and
removal of various type of impurities from waste water, the enzyme immobilization
on MBC surface was also reported in various studies. MBC have higher enzyme
immobilization capacity compared to raw BC, for example MBC grafted 3.1 times