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P. Dwivedi and M. K. Singha
three communications established for IoT based healthcare systems [56, 59]. These
healthcare systems are as follows: i. People to people connection, ii. Machine to
people connection and iii. Machine to machine connection.
13.3.1 Network in IoT
After obtaining the sensing data it needs to be transmitted to the system where it will
be post processed [60]. Due to the diversity of the nature of physical sensors, especially in healthcare systems, there are many communication systems that exist. These
communication systems are used either in device to device communication, device
to cloud communication, etc. [58, 60]. IoT not only exists in healthcare, but also in
smart cities, agricultural fields. So there is an increase of traffic volume in IoT based
communication and networking systems. So some of the network requirement was
established on IoT based system which includes different variables like: identifying
individual objects and its connection, location of the object, security and individuality
with total privacy, reliability, automatic networking, bandwidth, optimum spectrum
uses and flexibility of spectrum uses, highly scalable, self-configuration and energy
efficient, etc. [61]. Like many IoT based systems, IoT in wearable continuous healthcare monitoring will depend on wireless technology. Two types of network available:
Access network (AN) or local network and core network (CN) or global network.
Access network is used to connect between physical objects and CN whereas CN is
used to interconnect between other networks within CNs. Radio-frequency identification (RFID), Near-Field-Communication (NFC), Bluetooth module and low power
wireless communications are examples of access networks and Mobile phones, 3G,
4G, are the core network example. While accessing or transmitting data, each person
should have one unique identification number. Without this identification, IoT will
not work. Figure 13.2 shows the different wireless network systems that are used
in IoT based systems. Proximity and wireless personal area networks are attached
with embedded sensors and devices (wearable sensors). They will transmit the data
according to the programming. Then these data will be sent to doctors/nurses through
Wi-Fi to the working station. For the remote people, it will use wireless wide area
networks like 2G, 3G, and 4G in mobile. Then through the system protocols like
App, it will send the information to concerned doctors and after analyzing those
data doctors will send the report through mobile. Patients will then receive the report
on their individual smartphones. Nowadays all of the smartphones have Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi modules and the internet is accessible to most of the people. Therefore, a low
power wireless network in wearable sensors like RFID (if the patient is in hospital),
Bluetooth, Zigbee module is sufficient to send the data from a remote place to a doctor
in a city using a smartphone. IoT have thus capabilities to connect between patient
to machine (P2M), Device to machine (D2M), Sensor to mobile (S2M), Patient to
doctor (P2D), doctor to machine (D2M), Machine to sensor (M2S) and mobile to
human (M2H) [62].
P. Dwivedi and M. K. Singha
three communications established for IoT based healthcare systems [56, 59]. These
healthcare systems are as follows: i. People to people connection, ii. Machine to
people connection and iii. Machine to machine connection.
13.3.1 Network in IoT
After obtaining the sensing data it needs to be transmitted to the system where it will
be post processed [60]. Due to the diversity of the nature of physical sensors, especially in healthcare systems, there are many communication systems that exist. These
communication systems are used either in device to device communication, device
to cloud communication, etc. [58, 60]. IoT not only exists in healthcare, but also in
smart cities, agricultural fields. So there is an increase of traffic volume in IoT based
communication and networking systems. So some of the network requirement was
established on IoT based system which includes different variables like: identifying
individual objects and its connection, location of the object, security and individuality
with total privacy, reliability, automatic networking, bandwidth, optimum spectrum
uses and flexibility of spectrum uses, highly scalable, self-configuration and energy
efficient, etc. [61]. Like many IoT based systems, IoT in wearable continuous healthcare monitoring will depend on wireless technology. Two types of network available:
Access network (AN) or local network and core network (CN) or global network.
Access network is used to connect between physical objects and CN whereas CN is
used to interconnect between other networks within CNs. Radio-frequency identification (RFID), Near-Field-Communication (NFC), Bluetooth module and low power
wireless communications are examples of access networks and Mobile phones, 3G,
4G, are the core network example. While accessing or transmitting data, each person
should have one unique identification number. Without this identification, IoT will
not work. Figure 13.2 shows the different wireless network systems that are used
in IoT based systems. Proximity and wireless personal area networks are attached
with embedded sensors and devices (wearable sensors). They will transmit the data
according to the programming. Then these data will be sent to doctors/nurses through
Wi-Fi to the working station. For the remote people, it will use wireless wide area
networks like 2G, 3G, and 4G in mobile. Then through the system protocols like
App, it will send the information to concerned doctors and after analyzing those
data doctors will send the report through mobile. Patients will then receive the report
on their individual smartphones. Nowadays all of the smartphones have Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi modules and the internet is accessible to most of the people. Therefore, a low
power wireless network in wearable sensors like RFID (if the patient is in hospital),
Bluetooth, Zigbee module is sufficient to send the data from a remote place to a doctor
in a city using a smartphone. IoT have thus capabilities to connect between patient
to machine (P2M), Device to machine (D2M), Sensor to mobile (S2M), Patient to
doctor (P2D), doctor to machine (D2M), Machine to sensor (M2S) and mobile to
human (M2H) [62].