12 Trends and Innovations in Biosensors for COVID-19 …
289
12.2 Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19)
Recently from the last of December 2019, a whole world person has been getting
infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), to be precise, it’s the fifth
pandemic after the flu pandemic occurred in the year 1918. The first and the earliest
date of symptoms were started on December 1, 2019. The identification of these
patients, were quite common which includes fever, dry cough, and body pain, and
later it was identified as viral pneumonia [4]. In the beginning, by the member of
the press and media, it was named as “Wuhan pneumonia” based on the virus symptoms and also its origin place. The whole set of chromosome sequencing pointed
to this disease-causing pathogen is a new type of coronavirus. Hence, this diseasecausing virus comes in the seventh row of the coronavirus background to affect
humans. On January 12, 2020, the WHO for the time being termed this new virus
as 2019 novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV) and then on of February 12, 2020
in a formal and public way they named this disease-causing infection as COVID-19
(coronavirus disease 2019). WHO on the 11th of March in closing announced the
gauging the highly dangerous COVID-19 can be delineated as a widespread along
with the globe, after the 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1) estimated around 50 million human
deaths, 1957 Asian flu (H2N2) death rate was nearly 1.5 million, 1968 Hong Kong
flu (H3N2) the mortality count was one million, and in 2009 Pandemic flu (H1N1)
which is 300,000 human deaths, respectively.
COVID-19 also spreads like other coronaviruses do, mainly through one person
to another contact. Purely the infection depends on the person’s body condition and
it may be either for some mild or for some deadly. Severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus disease-2 belongs to the family of seven types of coronavirus; it includes
the deadly virus that causes severe diseases like MERS disease and SARS disease.
Seven types of coronavirus are shown in Table 12.1 with their causes. It won’t be a
serious threat to healthy people like the other coronaviruses affect most of us with
the colds during the year.
As we all know it is usual for a virus to change, or affect, to infect people. A study
has been carried out by the 103 Chinese people with COVID-19 cases; the results tell
that the virus spread has just done its part. During the process, they found 2 strains,
and then they named it as L and S type of strains. We can all know that this S strain
is very old, and the L strain is the one that is more common in the early stages of the
pandemic.
Vaccines are a while off yet, so routine testing is vitally important at this stage of
the pandemic to cure the deadly disease. Even when the vaccine is available, people
will still need to be tested, and it is one of the most significant solutions at the moment
in the fight against the coronavirus. One issue with current testing methods is that they
produce a high number of false-negative and false-positive results [5]. Not ideal in
the best of times, never mind when public health professionals and health systems are
stretched beyond their standard capacity. So, while we currently have routine tests to
diagnose if a person has/has had the coronavirus, new and more effective (i.e., more
289
12.2 Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19)
Recently from the last of December 2019, a whole world person has been getting
infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), to be precise, it’s the fifth
pandemic after the flu pandemic occurred in the year 1918. The first and the earliest
date of symptoms were started on December 1, 2019. The identification of these
patients, were quite common which includes fever, dry cough, and body pain, and
later it was identified as viral pneumonia [4]. In the beginning, by the member of
the press and media, it was named as “Wuhan pneumonia” based on the virus symptoms and also its origin place. The whole set of chromosome sequencing pointed
to this disease-causing pathogen is a new type of coronavirus. Hence, this diseasecausing virus comes in the seventh row of the coronavirus background to affect
humans. On January 12, 2020, the WHO for the time being termed this new virus
as 2019 novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV) and then on of February 12, 2020
in a formal and public way they named this disease-causing infection as COVID-19
(coronavirus disease 2019). WHO on the 11th of March in closing announced the
gauging the highly dangerous COVID-19 can be delineated as a widespread along
with the globe, after the 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1) estimated around 50 million human
deaths, 1957 Asian flu (H2N2) death rate was nearly 1.5 million, 1968 Hong Kong
flu (H3N2) the mortality count was one million, and in 2009 Pandemic flu (H1N1)
which is 300,000 human deaths, respectively.
COVID-19 also spreads like other coronaviruses do, mainly through one person
to another contact. Purely the infection depends on the person’s body condition and
it may be either for some mild or for some deadly. Severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus disease-2 belongs to the family of seven types of coronavirus; it includes
the deadly virus that causes severe diseases like MERS disease and SARS disease.
Seven types of coronavirus are shown in Table 12.1 with their causes. It won’t be a
serious threat to healthy people like the other coronaviruses affect most of us with
the colds during the year.
As we all know it is usual for a virus to change, or affect, to infect people. A study
has been carried out by the 103 Chinese people with COVID-19 cases; the results tell
that the virus spread has just done its part. During the process, they found 2 strains,
and then they named it as L and S type of strains. We can all know that this S strain
is very old, and the L strain is the one that is more common in the early stages of the
pandemic.
Vaccines are a while off yet, so routine testing is vitally important at this stage of
the pandemic to cure the deadly disease. Even when the vaccine is available, people
will still need to be tested, and it is one of the most significant solutions at the moment
in the fight against the coronavirus. One issue with current testing methods is that they
produce a high number of false-negative and false-positive results [5]. Not ideal in
the best of times, never mind when public health professionals and health systems are
stretched beyond their standard capacity. So, while we currently have routine tests to
diagnose if a person has/has had the coronavirus, new and more effective (i.e., more