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G. Palani et al.
12.1 Introduction
The first plague pandemic, the Justinian plague has occurred between the sixth
and eighth centuries AD during the period of the great Roman Empire. During the
fourteenth century, Black Death in the pre-modern era was the worldwide second
pandemic. The post-industrial age in nineteenth century middle and the beginning
of twentieth century that occurred was considered to be the third pandemic all over
the country.
The primary root cause of plague disease is mainly rodents. By nature, humans can
never infect one another, but it is exceptional for rare pneumonic spread. Rat colonies
thrived during this spread of plague on coastal ships, and mainly the affected rats
were transported from one part of the place to another place to affect humans all over
the world. Later the bubonic plague became a crawl disease in the widespread animal
population (epizootic), growing fast as the lying beneath rat population increase. In
the early twentieth century, after landing by ship to the Indian hinterland the epidemic
started to grow as quickly as it can, being carried rapidly with their complement of
infected rats with the grain movements through railways [1]. Later it is, however,
reversed to the middle age crawl epizootic to one side from railway links.
Cholera was the first and foremost modern pandemic in the world, during the
nineteenth century it traveled Europe from Asia ensuing the colonial railway link.
Why this cholera hasn’t spread in Europe at the beginning through the Indian Ocean
trade route? Still, it stays as a big mystery. Was it is because the cholera pathogen
cannot able to survive long outside its warm weather in tropical areas?
There was a mortality decline followed by the public health revolution. In the
nineteenth century, not only in Europe, the mortality count started to increase in
India, despite there was an improvement in food security, developmental works in
modern techs like all roads, railways, and canals that was also the main cause to the
rapid growth of this malarial fevers, the population was decreasing till 1921.
The presence of virus and spread always gives a grave threat to entire globalization.
There are several viruses which are mostly infectious but relatively do not spread,
results in less death ration such as seasonal flu, and on the other side some viruses are
not virulent but highly dangerous, some are Ebola, SAR Syndrome, MER Syndrome,
and COVID [2]. Still, there will be also a hope, the perfect disaster will occur often,
a strain both non-infectious and high dangerous to live with the potential of causing
death on an overwhelming scale. The life of human worth has changed in a certain
period, but half-million mortality from COVID-19 to date is not so far to be a perfect
disaster for humans. Hardly 40–50 million people globally claimed the Spanish flu
a century ago [3]. During the first two plagues around thirty to fifty and two hundred
million lives claimed, respectively, and 10–12 million in China as well as in India
alone during the third pandemic. In the nineteenth century, it was over 40 million
perished from cholera.
G. Palani et al.
12.1 Introduction
The first plague pandemic, the Justinian plague has occurred between the sixth
and eighth centuries AD during the period of the great Roman Empire. During the
fourteenth century, Black Death in the pre-modern era was the worldwide second
pandemic. The post-industrial age in nineteenth century middle and the beginning
of twentieth century that occurred was considered to be the third pandemic all over
the country.
The primary root cause of plague disease is mainly rodents. By nature, humans can
never infect one another, but it is exceptional for rare pneumonic spread. Rat colonies
thrived during this spread of plague on coastal ships, and mainly the affected rats
were transported from one part of the place to another place to affect humans all over
the world. Later the bubonic plague became a crawl disease in the widespread animal
population (epizootic), growing fast as the lying beneath rat population increase. In
the early twentieth century, after landing by ship to the Indian hinterland the epidemic
started to grow as quickly as it can, being carried rapidly with their complement of
infected rats with the grain movements through railways [1]. Later it is, however,
reversed to the middle age crawl epizootic to one side from railway links.
Cholera was the first and foremost modern pandemic in the world, during the
nineteenth century it traveled Europe from Asia ensuing the colonial railway link.
Why this cholera hasn’t spread in Europe at the beginning through the Indian Ocean
trade route? Still, it stays as a big mystery. Was it is because the cholera pathogen
cannot able to survive long outside its warm weather in tropical areas?
There was a mortality decline followed by the public health revolution. In the
nineteenth century, not only in Europe, the mortality count started to increase in
India, despite there was an improvement in food security, developmental works in
modern techs like all roads, railways, and canals that was also the main cause to the
rapid growth of this malarial fevers, the population was decreasing till 1921.
The presence of virus and spread always gives a grave threat to entire globalization.
There are several viruses which are mostly infectious but relatively do not spread,
results in less death ration such as seasonal flu, and on the other side some viruses are
not virulent but highly dangerous, some are Ebola, SAR Syndrome, MER Syndrome,
and COVID [2]. Still, there will be also a hope, the perfect disaster will occur often,
a strain both non-infectious and high dangerous to live with the potential of causing
death on an overwhelming scale. The life of human worth has changed in a certain
period, but half-million mortality from COVID-19 to date is not so far to be a perfect
disaster for humans. Hardly 40–50 million people globally claimed the Spanish flu
a century ago [3]. During the first two plagues around thirty to fifty and two hundred
million lives claimed, respectively, and 10–12 million in China as well as in India
alone during the third pandemic. In the nineteenth century, it was over 40 million
perished from cholera.