7. Yun EJ, Choi I-G, Kim KH (2015) Red macroalgae as a sustainable resource for bio-based
products. Trends Biotechnol 33:247–249.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.02.
006
8. Wargacki AJ, Leonard E, Win MN, Regitsky
DD, Santos CNS, Kim PB, Cooper SR, Raisner
RM,
Herman
A,
Sivitz
AB,
Lakshmanaswamy A, Kashiyama Y, Baker D,
Yoshikuni Y (2012) An engineered microbial
platform for direct biofuel production from
brown macroalgae. Science 335:308–313.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214547
9. Lehahn Y, Ingle KN, Golberg A (2016) Global
potential of offshore and shallow waters macroalgal biorefineries to provide for food, chemicals and energy: feasibility and sustainability.
Algal Res 17:150–160. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.algal.2016.03.031
10. Nikolaisen L, Jensen PD, Bech KS, Dahl J,
Busk J, Brodsgaard T, Bo RM, Bruhn A, Bjerre
AB, Nielsen HB, Albert KR, Ambus P,
Kadar Z, Heiske S, Sander B, Schmidt ER
(2008) Energy production from marine biomass (Ulva lactuca). PSO Project No. 20081-0050. pp 1–72
11. Martins I, Marques JC (2002) A model for the
growth of opportunistic macroalgae (Enteromorpha sp.) in tidal estuaries. Estuar Coast
Shelf Sci 55:247–257. https://doi.org/10.
1006/ecss.2001.0900
12. Lee CS, Ang P (1991) A simple model for
seaweed growth and optimal harvesting strategy. Ecol Model 55:67–74. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0304-3800(91)90065-9
13. Seip KL (1980) A computational model for
growth a n d harvesting of the marine alga
Ascophyllum
nodosum.
Ecol
Model
8:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/03043800(80)90037-X
14. Peteiro C, Freire O ´ (2012) Outplanting time
and methodologies related to mariculture of
the edible kelp Undaria pinnatifida in the
Atlantic coast of Spain. J Appl Phycol
24:1361–1372.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10811-012-9788-2
15. Neushul M, Benson J, Harger BWW, Charters
a C (1992) Macroalgal farming in the sea:
water motion and nitrate uptake. J Appl Phycol
4:255–265.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF02161211
16. Hurd CL (2000) Water motion, marine macroalgal physiology, and production. J Phycol
36:453–472.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.
1529-8817.2000.99139.x
17. Buck BH, Buchholz CM (2004) The offshorering: a new system design for the open ocean
aquaculture of macroalgae. J Appl Phycol
16:355–368.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:
JAPH.0000047947.96231.ea
18. Hanisak M (1987) Cultivation of Gracilaria
and other macroalgae in Florida for energy
production. In: Bird KT, Benson PH (eds)
Seaweed cultivation for renewable resources.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 191–218
19. Buck BH, Krause G, Michler-Cieluch T,
Brenner M, Buchholz CM, Busch JA, Fisch R,
Geisen M, Zielinski O (2008) Meeting the
quest for spatial efficiency: progress and prospects of extensive aquaculture within offshore
wind farms. Helgol Mar Res 62:269–281.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-008-0115-x
20. Jung KA, Lim S-RR, Kim Y, Park JM (2013)
Potentials of macroalgae as feedstocks for biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 135:182–190.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.
10.025
21. Klimakrise F-UND (2009) Focus: systemic
risks, part 2 marine aquaculture within offshore
wind farms: social aspects of multiple-use
planning. Vol 184
22. Michler-Cieluch T, Krause G, Buck BH (2009)
Reflections on integrating operation and maintenance activities of offshore wind farms and
mariculture. Ocean Coast Manag 52:57–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.
09.008
23. Reith JH, Curvers APWM, Kamermans P,
Brandenburg W, Zeeman G (2005)
Bio-offshore grootschalige teelt van zeewieren
in combinatie met offshore windparken in
de Noordzee. pp 1–137. https://www.wur.
nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=
publication-way-333437363938
24. Yantovski E (2000) Exergonomics in education. Energy 25:1021–1031. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0360-5442(00)00027-X
25. Yantovsky EI (1989) Non-equilibrium thermodynamics in thermal engineering. Energy
14:393–396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/
0360-5442(89)90134-5
26. Golberg A (2015) Environmental exergonomics for sustainable design and analysis of
energy systems. Energy. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.energy.2015.05.053
27. Szargut J (1971) Anwendung der Exergie zur
angenaherten wirtschaftlichen Optimierung.
Brennst W€ arme Kraft 23:516–519
28. Simpson AP, Edwards CF (2011) An exergybased framework for evaluating environmental
impact. Energy 36:1442–1459. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.025
29. Hermann WA (2006) Quantifying global
exergy resources. Energy 31:1349–1366.
30
Alexander Golberg et al.
products. Trends Biotechnol 33:247–249.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.02.
006
8. Wargacki AJ, Leonard E, Win MN, Regitsky
DD, Santos CNS, Kim PB, Cooper SR, Raisner
RM,
Herman
A,
Sivitz
AB,
Lakshmanaswamy A, Kashiyama Y, Baker D,
Yoshikuni Y (2012) An engineered microbial
platform for direct biofuel production from
brown macroalgae. Science 335:308–313.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214547
9. Lehahn Y, Ingle KN, Golberg A (2016) Global
potential of offshore and shallow waters macroalgal biorefineries to provide for food, chemicals and energy: feasibility and sustainability.
Algal Res 17:150–160. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.algal.2016.03.031
10. Nikolaisen L, Jensen PD, Bech KS, Dahl J,
Busk J, Brodsgaard T, Bo RM, Bruhn A, Bjerre
AB, Nielsen HB, Albert KR, Ambus P,
Kadar Z, Heiske S, Sander B, Schmidt ER
(2008) Energy production from marine biomass (Ulva lactuca). PSO Project No. 20081-0050. pp 1–72
11. Martins I, Marques JC (2002) A model for the
growth of opportunistic macroalgae (Enteromorpha sp.) in tidal estuaries. Estuar Coast
Shelf Sci 55:247–257. https://doi.org/10.
1006/ecss.2001.0900
12. Lee CS, Ang P (1991) A simple model for
seaweed growth and optimal harvesting strategy. Ecol Model 55:67–74. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0304-3800(91)90065-9
13. Seip KL (1980) A computational model for
growth a n d harvesting of the marine alga
Ascophyllum
nodosum.
Ecol
Model
8:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/03043800(80)90037-X
14. Peteiro C, Freire O ´ (2012) Outplanting time
and methodologies related to mariculture of
the edible kelp Undaria pinnatifida in the
Atlantic coast of Spain. J Appl Phycol
24:1361–1372.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10811-012-9788-2
15. Neushul M, Benson J, Harger BWW, Charters
a C (1992) Macroalgal farming in the sea:
water motion and nitrate uptake. J Appl Phycol
4:255–265.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF02161211
16. Hurd CL (2000) Water motion, marine macroalgal physiology, and production. J Phycol
36:453–472.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.
1529-8817.2000.99139.x
17. Buck BH, Buchholz CM (2004) The offshorering: a new system design for the open ocean
aquaculture of macroalgae. J Appl Phycol
16:355–368.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:
JAPH.0000047947.96231.ea
18. Hanisak M (1987) Cultivation of Gracilaria
and other macroalgae in Florida for energy
production. In: Bird KT, Benson PH (eds)
Seaweed cultivation for renewable resources.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 191–218
19. Buck BH, Krause G, Michler-Cieluch T,
Brenner M, Buchholz CM, Busch JA, Fisch R,
Geisen M, Zielinski O (2008) Meeting the
quest for spatial efficiency: progress and prospects of extensive aquaculture within offshore
wind farms. Helgol Mar Res 62:269–281.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-008-0115-x
20. Jung KA, Lim S-RR, Kim Y, Park JM (2013)
Potentials of macroalgae as feedstocks for biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 135:182–190.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.
10.025
21. Klimakrise F-UND (2009) Focus: systemic
risks, part 2 marine aquaculture within offshore
wind farms: social aspects of multiple-use
planning. Vol 184
22. Michler-Cieluch T, Krause G, Buck BH (2009)
Reflections on integrating operation and maintenance activities of offshore wind farms and
mariculture. Ocean Coast Manag 52:57–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.
09.008
23. Reith JH, Curvers APWM, Kamermans P,
Brandenburg W, Zeeman G (2005)
Bio-offshore grootschalige teelt van zeewieren
in combinatie met offshore windparken in
de Noordzee. pp 1–137. https://www.wur.
nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=
publication-way-333437363938
24. Yantovski E (2000) Exergonomics in education. Energy 25:1021–1031. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0360-5442(00)00027-X
25. Yantovsky EI (1989) Non-equilibrium thermodynamics in thermal engineering. Energy
14:393–396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/
0360-5442(89)90134-5
26. Golberg A (2015) Environmental exergonomics for sustainable design and analysis of
energy systems. Energy. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.energy.2015.05.053
27. Szargut J (1971) Anwendung der Exergie zur
angenaherten wirtschaftlichen Optimierung.
Brennst W€ arme Kraft 23:516–519
28. Simpson AP, Edwards CF (2011) An exergybased framework for evaluating environmental
impact. Energy 36:1442–1459. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.025
29. Hermann WA (2006) Quantifying global
exergy resources. Energy 31:1349–1366.
30
Alexander Golberg et al.