https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.09.
006
30. Sciubba E (2003) Extended exergy accounting
applied to energy recovery from waste: the
concept
of
total
recycling.
Energy
28:1315–1334.
https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0360-5442(03)00111-7
31. Sciubba E (2012) A thermodynamically correct
treatment of externalities with an exergy-based
numeraire. Sustainability 4:933–957. https://
doi.org/10.3390/su4050933
32. Dai J, Chen B, Sciubba E (2014) Ecological
accounting based on extended exergy: a sustainability perspective. Environ Sci Technol
48:9826–9833.
https://doi.org/10.1021/
es404191v
33. Jørgensen SE (2006–2007) An integrated ecosystem theory. Ann Eur Acad Sci. EAS Publishing House, Lie `ge, pp 19–33. http://www.
eurasc.org/annals/docs/Jorgensen_TeamR_f
(15).pdf
34. Jørgensen SE, Mejer H (1977) Ecological
buffer capacity. Ecol Model 3:39–61. https://
doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(77)90023-0
35. Jørgensen SE (1990) Ecosystem theory, ecological buffer capacity, uncertainty and complexity. Ecol Model 52:125–133. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0304-3800(90)90013-7
36. Xu FL, Dawson RW, Tao S, Li BG, Cao J
(2002) System-level responses of lake ecosystems to chemical stresses using exergy and
structural exergy as ecological indicators. Chemosphere 46:173–185. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0045-6535(01)00127-8
37. Zhang J, Gurkan Z, Jørgensen SE (2010)
Application of eco-exergy for assessment of
ecosystem health and development of structurally
dynamic
models.
Ecol
Model
221:693–702.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecolmodel.2009.10.017
38. Harte J, Newman EA (2014) Maximum information entropy: a foundation for ecological
theory. Trends Ecol Evol 29:384–389.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.009
39. Dalsgaard JPT, Lightfoot C, Christensen V
(1995) Towards quantification of ecological
sustainability in farming systems analysis. Ecol
Eng 4:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0925-8574(94)00057-C
40. Jørgensen SE (2015) New method to calculate
the work energy of information and organisms.
Ecol Model 295:18–20. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.001
41. Jørgensen SE, Ladegaard N, Debeljak M,
Marques JC (2005) Calculations of exergy for
organisms. Ecol Model 185:165–175. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.11.020
42. Svirezhev YM, Steinborn WH (2001) Exergy
of solar radiation: information approach. Ecol
Model 145:101–110. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0304-3800(01)00409-4
43. Hernandez RR, Easter SB, Murphy-Mariscal
ML, Maestre FT, Tavassoli M, Allen EB, Barrows CW, Belnap J, Ochoa-Hueso R, Ravi S,
Allen MF (2014) Environmental impacts of
utility-scale solar energy. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 29:766–779. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.rser.2013.08.041
44. Crowl TA, Crist TO, Parmenter RR,
Belovsky G, Lugo AE (2008) The spread of
invasive species and infectious disease as drivers
of ecosystem change. Front Ecol Environ
6:238–246.
https://doi.org/10.1890/
070151
45. French B (1960) Some considerations in estimating assembly cost functions for agricultural
processing operations. J Farm Econ
42:767–778
46. Golberg A, Vitkin E, Linshiz G, Khan SA,
Hillson NJ, Yakhini Z, Yarmush ML (2014)
Proposed design of distributed macroalgal
biorefineries: thermodynamics, bioconversion
technology, and sustainability implications for
developing economies. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 8:67–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.
1438
47. Valderrama D, Cai J, Hishamunda N (2013)
Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming. FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 580
48. Lenstra W, van Hal J, Reith J (2011) Ocean
Seaweed Biomass. For large scale biofuel production. Ocean Seaweed Biomass, Bremerhaven, Germany
49. USDA (2008) Energy balance of the cornethanol industry. http://www.usda.gov/oce/
reports/energy/2008Ethanol_June_final.pdf
50. Hughes AD, Kelly MS, Black KD, Stanley MS
(2012) Biogas from macroalgae: is it time to
revisit the idea? Biotechnol Biofuels 5:86.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-86
51. Wei N, Quarterman J, Jin Y-S (2013) Marine
macroalgae: an untapped resource for producing fuels and chemicals. Trends Biotechnol
31:70–77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tibtech.2012.10.009
52. Kok B, Forbush B, McGloin M (1970) Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic O2
evolution-I. A linear four step mechanism.
Photochem Photobiol 11:457–475
53. Stitt M, Schulze D (1994) Does Rubisco control the rate of photosynthesis and plant
growth? An exercise in molecular ecophysiology. Plant Cell Environ 17:465–487. https://
Design and Analysis of Offshore Macroalgae Biorefineries
31
006
30. Sciubba E (2003) Extended exergy accounting
applied to energy recovery from waste: the
concept
of
total
recycling.
Energy
28:1315–1334.
https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0360-5442(03)00111-7
31. Sciubba E (2012) A thermodynamically correct
treatment of externalities with an exergy-based
numeraire. Sustainability 4:933–957. https://
doi.org/10.3390/su4050933
32. Dai J, Chen B, Sciubba E (2014) Ecological
accounting based on extended exergy: a sustainability perspective. Environ Sci Technol
48:9826–9833.
https://doi.org/10.1021/
es404191v
33. Jørgensen SE (2006–2007) An integrated ecosystem theory. Ann Eur Acad Sci. EAS Publishing House, Lie `ge, pp 19–33. http://www.
eurasc.org/annals/docs/Jorgensen_TeamR_f
(15).pdf
34. Jørgensen SE, Mejer H (1977) Ecological
buffer capacity. Ecol Model 3:39–61. https://
doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(77)90023-0
35. Jørgensen SE (1990) Ecosystem theory, ecological buffer capacity, uncertainty and complexity. Ecol Model 52:125–133. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0304-3800(90)90013-7
36. Xu FL, Dawson RW, Tao S, Li BG, Cao J
(2002) System-level responses of lake ecosystems to chemical stresses using exergy and
structural exergy as ecological indicators. Chemosphere 46:173–185. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0045-6535(01)00127-8
37. Zhang J, Gurkan Z, Jørgensen SE (2010)
Application of eco-exergy for assessment of
ecosystem health and development of structurally
dynamic
models.
Ecol
Model
221:693–702.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecolmodel.2009.10.017
38. Harte J, Newman EA (2014) Maximum information entropy: a foundation for ecological
theory. Trends Ecol Evol 29:384–389.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.009
39. Dalsgaard JPT, Lightfoot C, Christensen V
(1995) Towards quantification of ecological
sustainability in farming systems analysis. Ecol
Eng 4:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0925-8574(94)00057-C
40. Jørgensen SE (2015) New method to calculate
the work energy of information and organisms.
Ecol Model 295:18–20. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.001
41. Jørgensen SE, Ladegaard N, Debeljak M,
Marques JC (2005) Calculations of exergy for
organisms. Ecol Model 185:165–175. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.11.020
42. Svirezhev YM, Steinborn WH (2001) Exergy
of solar radiation: information approach. Ecol
Model 145:101–110. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0304-3800(01)00409-4
43. Hernandez RR, Easter SB, Murphy-Mariscal
ML, Maestre FT, Tavassoli M, Allen EB, Barrows CW, Belnap J, Ochoa-Hueso R, Ravi S,
Allen MF (2014) Environmental impacts of
utility-scale solar energy. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 29:766–779. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.rser.2013.08.041
44. Crowl TA, Crist TO, Parmenter RR,
Belovsky G, Lugo AE (2008) The spread of
invasive species and infectious disease as drivers
of ecosystem change. Front Ecol Environ
6:238–246.
https://doi.org/10.1890/
070151
45. French B (1960) Some considerations in estimating assembly cost functions for agricultural
processing operations. J Farm Econ
42:767–778
46. Golberg A, Vitkin E, Linshiz G, Khan SA,
Hillson NJ, Yakhini Z, Yarmush ML (2014)
Proposed design of distributed macroalgal
biorefineries: thermodynamics, bioconversion
technology, and sustainability implications for
developing economies. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 8:67–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.
1438
47. Valderrama D, Cai J, Hishamunda N (2013)
Social and economic dimensions of carrageenan seaweed farming. FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 580
48. Lenstra W, van Hal J, Reith J (2011) Ocean
Seaweed Biomass. For large scale biofuel production. Ocean Seaweed Biomass, Bremerhaven, Germany
49. USDA (2008) Energy balance of the cornethanol industry. http://www.usda.gov/oce/
reports/energy/2008Ethanol_June_final.pdf
50. Hughes AD, Kelly MS, Black KD, Stanley MS
(2012) Biogas from macroalgae: is it time to
revisit the idea? Biotechnol Biofuels 5:86.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-86
51. Wei N, Quarterman J, Jin Y-S (2013) Marine
macroalgae: an untapped resource for producing fuels and chemicals. Trends Biotechnol
31:70–77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tibtech.2012.10.009
52. Kok B, Forbush B, McGloin M (1970) Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic O2
evolution-I. A linear four step mechanism.
Photochem Photobiol 11:457–475
53. Stitt M, Schulze D (1994) Does Rubisco control the rate of photosynthesis and plant
growth? An exercise in molecular ecophysiology. Plant Cell Environ 17:465–487. https://
Design and Analysis of Offshore Macroalgae Biorefineries
31