482
B. Kianian and C. Andersson
Fig. 33.6 Energy prices for industrial customers in Sweden from 1986 to 2017 (real prices),
öre/kWh—courtesy of Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten—SCB) (Energy in Sweden
Facts and Figures 2018)
The results of the simulations of the two scenarios doubling and quadrupling of
EL prices, shows respectively 0.5% and 1.6% increases in the total PM gear manufacturing costs per part, and similar to the previous simulation case in Sect. 33.5.2
material and HT costs were not affected in these simulations. Nevertheless, in real
practice both material and HT costs will increase as the energy price increases.
However, this study has not quantified to what extent their costs would increase
unlike the rest of the PM processes as follow. The largest influence is on the sintering
process with 7% when doubling EL price, and 21% when quadrupling EL price,
increases in process cost per part. As discussed earlier, PM furnace processes (HT,
annealing and sintering) are the prominent energy consumers, and that explains the
largest increases in sintering costs in comparison to other processes. And since these
PM furnace processes have similar efficiencies, the HT process cost would probably
increase similar to the sintering process.
Grinding process has an increase of 0.5% when doubling EL price, and 1.6% when
quadrupling EL price in process costs per part, and compaction and gear rolling
processes both have an increase of 0.3% when doubling EL price and 1% when
quadrupling EL price in their costs per part.
33.7 Discussion
In this section, the outcomes of the three scenarios presented in Sects. 33.5.1 and
33.5.2 above are further discussed.
B. Kianian and C. Andersson
Fig. 33.6 Energy prices for industrial customers in Sweden from 1986 to 2017 (real prices),
öre/kWh—courtesy of Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten—SCB) (Energy in Sweden
Facts and Figures 2018)
The results of the simulations of the two scenarios doubling and quadrupling of
EL prices, shows respectively 0.5% and 1.6% increases in the total PM gear manufacturing costs per part, and similar to the previous simulation case in Sect. 33.5.2
material and HT costs were not affected in these simulations. Nevertheless, in real
practice both material and HT costs will increase as the energy price increases.
However, this study has not quantified to what extent their costs would increase
unlike the rest of the PM processes as follow. The largest influence is on the sintering
process with 7% when doubling EL price, and 21% when quadrupling EL price,
increases in process cost per part. As discussed earlier, PM furnace processes (HT,
annealing and sintering) are the prominent energy consumers, and that explains the
largest increases in sintering costs in comparison to other processes. And since these
PM furnace processes have similar efficiencies, the HT process cost would probably
increase similar to the sintering process.
Grinding process has an increase of 0.5% when doubling EL price, and 1.6% when
quadrupling EL price in process costs per part, and compaction and gear rolling
processes both have an increase of 0.3% when doubling EL price and 1% when
quadrupling EL price in their costs per part.
33.7 Discussion
In this section, the outcomes of the three scenarios presented in Sects. 33.5.1 and
33.5.2 above are further discussed.