106
V. K. Soo et al.
needs to consider both the material choice and their associated joining techniques,
and their impacts on the shredder-based ELV recycling approach (Bogue 2007). The
gap between vehicle manufacturers (designers) and the recyclers need to be addressed
and is becoming more critical (Bras 1997). Although manufacturers have used DfR
concept for many years, the effect of changing vehicle designs on the efficiency of
material recycling processes is not well understood. This can be attributed by the
contradicting design requirements, cost and technical limitations.
8.2.2 Design for Vehicle Recycling Guidelines
Vehicle manufacturers have used different decision-making approaches and design
guidelines to address conflicting requirements during the design phase (Girubha and
Vinodh 2012). One of the criteria that is often given more importance is the selection of materials to achieve lightweight structures. The variety of material combinations used for vehicle components are shown in Table 8.2. Toward producing
more lightweight vehicles, the choice of material replacement while remaining the
vehicle structural integrity is critical to achieving substantial mass reduction with the
highest potential (Fuchs et al. 2008). The selection of material is based on different
criteria such as material supply risk (Knoeri et al. 2013); mass reduction potential
based on functional equivalence (Li et al. 2017); and material production efficiency
(Ashby 2012). The most basic material selection guidelines for manufacturers, such
as Volvo (Luttropp and Lagerstedt 2006), are the white, grey, and black material lists.
The white list shows the materials that are encouraged to be used in the product. On
the other hand, the grey and black lists identify materials that should be considered
for material substitution and avoided respectively.
The current ecodesign strategies are limited and do not cater well for the improvement in material recyclability (Worrell and Reuter 2014). This is caused by the
increasing challenges to link the changing product design phase and their impact
on current industrial recycling practices. The use of complex multi-material designs
has led to lower material separation efficiency and contaminations that prevents the
reused of material for the same application.
The choice of materials will influence the options for feasible joining methods.
Although there are available guidelines specific to joining choices, they often address
the selection based on the ease for disassembly, maintenance and repair (mainly nondestructive recycling approach) (Argument et al. 1998; Edwards et al. 2006; Ghazilla
et al. 2014; Shu and Flowers 1999,1996). Hence, these guidelines may not apply to the
destructive ELV recycling approach (shredder-based recycling processes) (Newell
1965). One of the most comprehensive design guidelines from the joining perspective
is the German recycling rating, VDI 2243 guidelines (VDI 2243 1993), as seen in
Fig. 8.2. The guidelines take into consideration the characteristics of fastening and
their implication on recycling to suggest preferred joining methods.
Vehicle manufacturers often face conflicting ecodesign guidelines (Luttropp et al.
2001). For example, the ‘Ten Golden Rules’—a set of ecodesign guidelines used
V. K. Soo et al.
needs to consider both the material choice and their associated joining techniques,
and their impacts on the shredder-based ELV recycling approach (Bogue 2007). The
gap between vehicle manufacturers (designers) and the recyclers need to be addressed
and is becoming more critical (Bras 1997). Although manufacturers have used DfR
concept for many years, the effect of changing vehicle designs on the efficiency of
material recycling processes is not well understood. This can be attributed by the
contradicting design requirements, cost and technical limitations.
8.2.2 Design for Vehicle Recycling Guidelines
Vehicle manufacturers have used different decision-making approaches and design
guidelines to address conflicting requirements during the design phase (Girubha and
Vinodh 2012). One of the criteria that is often given more importance is the selection of materials to achieve lightweight structures. The variety of material combinations used for vehicle components are shown in Table 8.2. Toward producing
more lightweight vehicles, the choice of material replacement while remaining the
vehicle structural integrity is critical to achieving substantial mass reduction with the
highest potential (Fuchs et al. 2008). The selection of material is based on different
criteria such as material supply risk (Knoeri et al. 2013); mass reduction potential
based on functional equivalence (Li et al. 2017); and material production efficiency
(Ashby 2012). The most basic material selection guidelines for manufacturers, such
as Volvo (Luttropp and Lagerstedt 2006), are the white, grey, and black material lists.
The white list shows the materials that are encouraged to be used in the product. On
the other hand, the grey and black lists identify materials that should be considered
for material substitution and avoided respectively.
The current ecodesign strategies are limited and do not cater well for the improvement in material recyclability (Worrell and Reuter 2014). This is caused by the
increasing challenges to link the changing product design phase and their impact
on current industrial recycling practices. The use of complex multi-material designs
has led to lower material separation efficiency and contaminations that prevents the
reused of material for the same application.
The choice of materials will influence the options for feasible joining methods.
Although there are available guidelines specific to joining choices, they often address
the selection based on the ease for disassembly, maintenance and repair (mainly nondestructive recycling approach) (Argument et al. 1998; Edwards et al. 2006; Ghazilla
et al. 2014; Shu and Flowers 1999,1996). Hence, these guidelines may not apply to the
destructive ELV recycling approach (shredder-based recycling processes) (Newell
1965). One of the most comprehensive design guidelines from the joining perspective
is the German recycling rating, VDI 2243 guidelines (VDI 2243 1993), as seen in
Fig. 8.2. The guidelines take into consideration the characteristics of fastening and
their implication on recycling to suggest preferred joining methods.
Vehicle manufacturers often face conflicting ecodesign guidelines (Luttropp et al.
2001). For example, the ‘Ten Golden Rules’—a set of ecodesign guidelines used