87
Another BAP called oligopeptides are discharged mainly from a soy protein i.e.
glycinin, or hydrolysis of soy and the fermented products of soy i.e. tempeh and
natto via many and different endogenetic protein such as trypsin, pronase, Glu-C
protease, protein hydrolysis of kidney membrane and plasma proteases. Hydrolysis
of natto via pronase yields another peptide that biologically acts as an angiotensinconverting- enzyme inhibitor. Moreover, it presents some characteristics of a surface
active agent. Different sources like cooked coffee, cocoa, grilled grain and other
fermented products like alcoholic drink also provide BAPs. A bioactive peptide, 2,
5-Diketopiperazines obtained from alcoholic beverage i.e. awamori has antioxidant
potential (Kumar et al. 2012).
In industry food processing, a huge amount of waste is produced. For example,
production of oil such as olive oil generates a variety of by products involving solid
product, which is a collection of pulp and stone, and liquid stuff formed by olive
tissues. All these by products called pollutants are not certainly perishable. Peptides
with antioxidizing and antihypertensive abilities have been obtained from hydrolysis of proteins, that are released from seeds of olive (Esteve et al. 2015).
Vegetables and fruit processing liberate high amounts of waste products. Some
of which are used as fodder and majority of them are useless. Fruit stone (plum)
roughly known as seed, is full of protein with biological importance in medicine and
the food industry. They have been considered as potential source of BAPs with low
cost. High intensity focused ultrasound has been used for the production of protein
derived from waste products (González-García et al. 2014). Hydrolysis, via enzyme
like flavourzyme, thermolysin and Alcalase, of these proteins yields peptides that
act as antioxidizing agents and possess inhibitory action against ACE. Among them,
hydrolysis via alacase enzyme generate BAPs with antihypertensive and antioxidant
activities. Furthermore, it is analyzed that, hydrolysis via alacase release variety of
peptides such as HNLPLL, HLPLLR, YLSF, DQVPR, LPLLR, MLPSLPK and
VKPVAPF that exhibit more potent biological action i.e. antihypertensive and antioxidant. At the global level, Hordeum vulgare L, barley grain is the fourth most
abundant cereal food. It is also known as fodder. It has less nutritional value because
of lower concentration of lysine and thereby, is less expensive (Bamdad et al. 2011).
In Mexico, some years ago, maize has been considered as a highly grown cereal
bran next to wheat and rice which is rich in protein. It is a grain full of protein that
helps satisfy world’s protein demand (Malumba et al. 2008; Pechanova et al. 2013).
Depending on the solubility, protein food can be divided into saline soluble, water
soluble, alkaline soluble and alcoholic soluble (Uarrota et al. 2011). Several studies
indicate that breakdown of corn kernel releases corn gluten meal that is a byproduct
consisting of protein. It is observed that corn protein on hydrolysis yields corn peptides (CPs) with anticancer properties particularly against breast cancer. In HepG2
cells, CPs persuade cell death and used as a potent anticancer agent by retarding
cancer causing agents by improving the immune system (Li et al. 2013).
Hordein is a barley prolamin and considered to be the main protein byproduct of
barley. It is abundant with multiple amino acids such as, Tyr, Leu Pro, Val, Phe and
Glu, majority of them present antioxidant action when they are either in protein or
in peptide form. Hordein is a complex consisting of three fragments; first one is B
5 Bioactive Peptides and Their Natural Sources
Another BAP called oligopeptides are discharged mainly from a soy protein i.e.
glycinin, or hydrolysis of soy and the fermented products of soy i.e. tempeh and
natto via many and different endogenetic protein such as trypsin, pronase, Glu-C
protease, protein hydrolysis of kidney membrane and plasma proteases. Hydrolysis
of natto via pronase yields another peptide that biologically acts as an angiotensinconverting- enzyme inhibitor. Moreover, it presents some characteristics of a surface
active agent. Different sources like cooked coffee, cocoa, grilled grain and other
fermented products like alcoholic drink also provide BAPs. A bioactive peptide, 2,
5-Diketopiperazines obtained from alcoholic beverage i.e. awamori has antioxidant
potential (Kumar et al. 2012).
In industry food processing, a huge amount of waste is produced. For example,
production of oil such as olive oil generates a variety of by products involving solid
product, which is a collection of pulp and stone, and liquid stuff formed by olive
tissues. All these by products called pollutants are not certainly perishable. Peptides
with antioxidizing and antihypertensive abilities have been obtained from hydrolysis of proteins, that are released from seeds of olive (Esteve et al. 2015).
Vegetables and fruit processing liberate high amounts of waste products. Some
of which are used as fodder and majority of them are useless. Fruit stone (plum)
roughly known as seed, is full of protein with biological importance in medicine and
the food industry. They have been considered as potential source of BAPs with low
cost. High intensity focused ultrasound has been used for the production of protein
derived from waste products (González-García et al. 2014). Hydrolysis, via enzyme
like flavourzyme, thermolysin and Alcalase, of these proteins yields peptides that
act as antioxidizing agents and possess inhibitory action against ACE. Among them,
hydrolysis via alacase enzyme generate BAPs with antihypertensive and antioxidant
activities. Furthermore, it is analyzed that, hydrolysis via alacase release variety of
peptides such as HNLPLL, HLPLLR, YLSF, DQVPR, LPLLR, MLPSLPK and
VKPVAPF that exhibit more potent biological action i.e. antihypertensive and antioxidant. At the global level, Hordeum vulgare L, barley grain is the fourth most
abundant cereal food. It is also known as fodder. It has less nutritional value because
of lower concentration of lysine and thereby, is less expensive (Bamdad et al. 2011).
In Mexico, some years ago, maize has been considered as a highly grown cereal
bran next to wheat and rice which is rich in protein. It is a grain full of protein that
helps satisfy world’s protein demand (Malumba et al. 2008; Pechanova et al. 2013).
Depending on the solubility, protein food can be divided into saline soluble, water
soluble, alkaline soluble and alcoholic soluble (Uarrota et al. 2011). Several studies
indicate that breakdown of corn kernel releases corn gluten meal that is a byproduct
consisting of protein. It is observed that corn protein on hydrolysis yields corn peptides (CPs) with anticancer properties particularly against breast cancer. In HepG2
cells, CPs persuade cell death and used as a potent anticancer agent by retarding
cancer causing agents by improving the immune system (Li et al. 2013).
Hordein is a barley prolamin and considered to be the main protein byproduct of
barley. It is abundant with multiple amino acids such as, Tyr, Leu Pro, Val, Phe and
Glu, majority of them present antioxidant action when they are either in protein or
in peptide form. Hordein is a complex consisting of three fragments; first one is B
5 Bioactive Peptides and Their Natural Sources