86
contamination as an antimicrobial agent against multiple bacteria (Mine 2007).
Crippled Ovotransferrin and fully iron Ovotransferrin exhibiting the same biological action as antibacterial agent, in its turn, that representing antibacterial action
may not be owing to its iron carrier capability but also the interaction between bacterial cell and protein reason for it (Ibrahim 1996). Antimicrobial peptide,
Ovotransferrin OTAP-92, also has application to approach membrane of gramnegative bacteria and found to cause destruction of cytoplasmic membrane that
results in death of bacterium. Another bioactive peptide called defensin that has
similarity with Ovotransferrin in reference to peptide sequence penetrating into the
cytoplasm or in ion channel that result in bacterium destruction (Ibrahim et al. 2000).
Additionally, multiple BAPs with antimicrobial activities were also liberated
from various parts of the egg such as albumin, vitelline membranes and eggshell
(Mine et al. 2004; Abdou et al. 2007; Hervé-Grépinet et al. 2010; Thammasirirak
et al. 2010). Majority of these peptides have both polar and non-polar region, and
overall referred as positive charge carrier, but peptides of α helical chain with hydrophobic end are also present and are remarkable in their action against microbes.
However, multiple categories of peptides with structure and configuration dissimilarity have been found to be useful for antimicrobial activities (Epand and Vogel 1999).
Biological active phospho-peptides isolated from hydrolysis of phosvitin and
their calcium-binding property are considered to be due to their ability to form chelates (Young et al. 2011). Phospho-peptides present in phosphorylated protein consisting of multiple phosphoserines unit found to be useful for efficient binding with
calcium, as a consequence, increases calcium access to the body followed by retarding the generation of calcium phosphate that is insoluble (Jiang and Mine 2001;
Feng and Mine 2006).
It was suggested that egg peptides are of considerable interest because of their
potentially beneficial biological activities, such as antitumor, antithrombotic antibacterial, and anti- adhesiveness (Nelson et al. 2007). Egg peptides IRW acts as
antidiabetic agent and have importance in food and nutrition. Egg white is used as a
purifier to separate solid particulates or suspended solids from drinks like alcohol.
Biologically active peptide, Lysozyme, has antibacterial action, thereby used to preserve food. Furthermore, egg protein and its fragments as a peptide have received
increasing attention in food because of its health developing value (Yu et al. 2011).
5.2.6 Bioactive Peptides from Plant Sources
BAPs released from vegetables and plant sources have been isolated, characterized and studied frequently because of their benefits for human kind. Different
BAPs have been produced from extracts of protein, produced by seeds of soyabean or soya bean milk which showed biological action against microbes. Another
way to obtain peptides is through endogenetic protein hydrolysate (Singh et al.
2014). Peptides from milk of soya-bean are obtained when food is processed
(Capriotti et al. 2015).
K. Mustafa et al.
contamination as an antimicrobial agent against multiple bacteria (Mine 2007).
Crippled Ovotransferrin and fully iron Ovotransferrin exhibiting the same biological action as antibacterial agent, in its turn, that representing antibacterial action
may not be owing to its iron carrier capability but also the interaction between bacterial cell and protein reason for it (Ibrahim 1996). Antimicrobial peptide,
Ovotransferrin OTAP-92, also has application to approach membrane of gramnegative bacteria and found to cause destruction of cytoplasmic membrane that
results in death of bacterium. Another bioactive peptide called defensin that has
similarity with Ovotransferrin in reference to peptide sequence penetrating into the
cytoplasm or in ion channel that result in bacterium destruction (Ibrahim et al. 2000).
Additionally, multiple BAPs with antimicrobial activities were also liberated
from various parts of the egg such as albumin, vitelline membranes and eggshell
(Mine et al. 2004; Abdou et al. 2007; Hervé-Grépinet et al. 2010; Thammasirirak
et al. 2010). Majority of these peptides have both polar and non-polar region, and
overall referred as positive charge carrier, but peptides of α helical chain with hydrophobic end are also present and are remarkable in their action against microbes.
However, multiple categories of peptides with structure and configuration dissimilarity have been found to be useful for antimicrobial activities (Epand and Vogel 1999).
Biological active phospho-peptides isolated from hydrolysis of phosvitin and
their calcium-binding property are considered to be due to their ability to form chelates (Young et al. 2011). Phospho-peptides present in phosphorylated protein consisting of multiple phosphoserines unit found to be useful for efficient binding with
calcium, as a consequence, increases calcium access to the body followed by retarding the generation of calcium phosphate that is insoluble (Jiang and Mine 2001;
Feng and Mine 2006).
It was suggested that egg peptides are of considerable interest because of their
potentially beneficial biological activities, such as antitumor, antithrombotic antibacterial, and anti- adhesiveness (Nelson et al. 2007). Egg peptides IRW acts as
antidiabetic agent and have importance in food and nutrition. Egg white is used as a
purifier to separate solid particulates or suspended solids from drinks like alcohol.
Biologically active peptide, Lysozyme, has antibacterial action, thereby used to preserve food. Furthermore, egg protein and its fragments as a peptide have received
increasing attention in food because of its health developing value (Yu et al. 2011).
5.2.6 Bioactive Peptides from Plant Sources
BAPs released from vegetables and plant sources have been isolated, characterized and studied frequently because of their benefits for human kind. Different
BAPs have been produced from extracts of protein, produced by seeds of soyabean or soya bean milk which showed biological action against microbes. Another
way to obtain peptides is through endogenetic protein hydrolysate (Singh et al.
2014). Peptides from milk of soya-bean are obtained when food is processed
(Capriotti et al. 2015).
K. Mustafa et al.