554
Table 25.2 (continued)
Phosphorus Hydroxyapatite in calcified tissues,
phospholipids in biological
membranes, nucleotides and nucleic
acid, maintain normal pH, storage
and transfer of energy, activation of
catalytic enzymes
Fish (tuna, salmon fillet, mackerel fillet), lean
pork chops, firm tofu, dairy products (whole
milk, low fat yogurt), lean chicken breast,
scallops, lentils (white beans, chickpeas), seeds
(squash, pumpkin, chia, hemp seeds), whole
grains (oatmeal, brown rice, whole wheat pasta)
Hypo–phosphataemia,
anorexia, anaemia, muscle
weakness, bone pain, rickets
and osteomalacia, general
debility, increased infections,
paraesthesia, ataxia,
confusion
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Copper
Immune, nervous and cardiovascular
systems, bone health, iron
metabolism, haemoglobin synthesis,
regulate mitochondria, gene
expression
Seafoods (oyster, squid, lobster, crab), raw kale,
mushrooms, sesame seeds, cashew nuts, beans,
prunes, avocado, goat cheese, fermented soy
foods, liver, spices, wheat bran
Homeostatic mechanisms
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Iron
Oxygen transport and storage,
catalytic centre for metabolic
functions, cell respiration and energy
production, immune system,
myelination and nerve development
in the fetus
Fortified cereals, beef, shellfish (oysters,
cuttlefish), dry fruits (apricots, peaches, prunes,
figs), beans (white beans, soybeans, lentils,
kidney beans, black beans, lima beans,
chickpeas), vegetables (spinach, swiss chard,
turnip, kale)
Anaemia, impairment of the
immune response, adverse
effect on psychomotor and
mental development in
children
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Iodine
Thyroid hormones, growth and
mental development, antibiotic and
anticancer
Seaweed (brown: kombu kelp, wakame; red:
nori), cod fish, dairy products (milk, yogurt),
iodized salts, shrimp, tuna, eggs, prunes plums,
lima beans
Goitre, hypothyroidism,
cretinism, trouble producing
saliva and properly digesting
food, swollen salivary glands
and dry mouth, skin problems,
including dry skin, poor
concentration and difficulty
retaining information, muscle
pains and weakness, increased
risk for fibrosis and
fibromyalgia A higher risk for
developmental problems in
babies and children
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Minerals
Patho–physiological functions
Dietary sources
Deficiency
References
K. Sharma et al.
Table 25.2 (continued)
Phosphorus Hydroxyapatite in calcified tissues,
phospholipids in biological
membranes, nucleotides and nucleic
acid, maintain normal pH, storage
and transfer of energy, activation of
catalytic enzymes
Fish (tuna, salmon fillet, mackerel fillet), lean
pork chops, firm tofu, dairy products (whole
milk, low fat yogurt), lean chicken breast,
scallops, lentils (white beans, chickpeas), seeds
(squash, pumpkin, chia, hemp seeds), whole
grains (oatmeal, brown rice, whole wheat pasta)
Hypo–phosphataemia,
anorexia, anaemia, muscle
weakness, bone pain, rickets
and osteomalacia, general
debility, increased infections,
paraesthesia, ataxia,
confusion
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Copper
Immune, nervous and cardiovascular
systems, bone health, iron
metabolism, haemoglobin synthesis,
regulate mitochondria, gene
expression
Seafoods (oyster, squid, lobster, crab), raw kale,
mushrooms, sesame seeds, cashew nuts, beans,
prunes, avocado, goat cheese, fermented soy
foods, liver, spices, wheat bran
Homeostatic mechanisms
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Iron
Oxygen transport and storage,
catalytic centre for metabolic
functions, cell respiration and energy
production, immune system,
myelination and nerve development
in the fetus
Fortified cereals, beef, shellfish (oysters,
cuttlefish), dry fruits (apricots, peaches, prunes,
figs), beans (white beans, soybeans, lentils,
kidney beans, black beans, lima beans,
chickpeas), vegetables (spinach, swiss chard,
turnip, kale)
Anaemia, impairment of the
immune response, adverse
effect on psychomotor and
mental development in
children
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Iodine
Thyroid hormones, growth and
mental development, antibiotic and
anticancer
Seaweed (brown: kombu kelp, wakame; red:
nori), cod fish, dairy products (milk, yogurt),
iodized salts, shrimp, tuna, eggs, prunes plums,
lima beans
Goitre, hypothyroidism,
cretinism, trouble producing
saliva and properly digesting
food, swollen salivary glands
and dry mouth, skin problems,
including dry skin, poor
concentration and difficulty
retaining information, muscle
pains and weakness, increased
risk for fibrosis and
fibromyalgia A higher risk for
developmental problems in
babies and children
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Minerals
Patho–physiological functions
Dietary sources
Deficiency
References
K. Sharma et al.