553
Potassium
Maintain healthy blood pressure
level, contraction of muscles,
maintain fluid balance, transmission
of nerve impulses, osmosis, regular
heart rhythm, cell metabolism
Oranges, bananas, dried fruits, vegetables,
legumes, milk, cereals, meat
Hypokalemia, muscle
weakness, confusion,
abnormal heartbeat, low
potassium intake
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Chloride
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach,
chloride shift in erythrocyte plasma
membranes, regulation of osmotic
and electrolyte balances
Table salt or sea salt, processed foods and snacks,
salted nuts, chips, sauces, canned food items,
butter, salted meat, poultry, and fish, pickles,
burgers, sandwiches, cheese, tomato ketchup,
bacon and ham, tomatoes, celery, olives, lettuce
and seaweed
Not diet–related only caused
by clinical conditions
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Manganese
Catalytic co–factor for mitochondrial
superoxide dismutase, arginase and
pyruvate carboxylase, bone
development, wound healing
Mussels, shellfish (clams, oysters, crayfish),
whole grains, firm tofu, sweet potato, nuts and
seeds (pine nuts, hazelnut, pecans, hemp seeds),
leafy vegetables (lima beans, chickpeas, spinach,
collards, peas, okra), and teas, pineapples
weight loss, dermatitis,
growth retardation of hair and
nails, decline of blood lipids,
anemia, hormonal imbalance,
low immunity, changes in
digestion and appetite,
infertility, weak bone, chronic
fatigue syndrome
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Molybdenum Co–factor for the iron– and flavin–
containing enzymes that catalyse
hydroxylation
Legumes (peas and lentils) beans (kidney beans,
navy beans, and lima beans), nuts (almonds,
cashews, chestnuts, and peanuts), soy products
(soy milk, soybeans, and tofu), dairy products
(cheese and yogurt), leafy vegetables, tomatoes,
eggs, whole grains, liver
Deficiency difficult to induce Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Chromium
Insulin action, carbohydrate, lipid and
nucleic acid metabolism
Meat, whole grain, fruits, vegetables, spices
Deficiency is rare
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
(continued)
25 Bioavailability of Nutrients and Safety Measurements
Potassium
Maintain healthy blood pressure
level, contraction of muscles,
maintain fluid balance, transmission
of nerve impulses, osmosis, regular
heart rhythm, cell metabolism
Oranges, bananas, dried fruits, vegetables,
legumes, milk, cereals, meat
Hypokalemia, muscle
weakness, confusion,
abnormal heartbeat, low
potassium intake
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Chloride
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach,
chloride shift in erythrocyte plasma
membranes, regulation of osmotic
and electrolyte balances
Table salt or sea salt, processed foods and snacks,
salted nuts, chips, sauces, canned food items,
butter, salted meat, poultry, and fish, pickles,
burgers, sandwiches, cheese, tomato ketchup,
bacon and ham, tomatoes, celery, olives, lettuce
and seaweed
Not diet–related only caused
by clinical conditions
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Manganese
Catalytic co–factor for mitochondrial
superoxide dismutase, arginase and
pyruvate carboxylase, bone
development, wound healing
Mussels, shellfish (clams, oysters, crayfish),
whole grains, firm tofu, sweet potato, nuts and
seeds (pine nuts, hazelnut, pecans, hemp seeds),
leafy vegetables (lima beans, chickpeas, spinach,
collards, peas, okra), and teas, pineapples
weight loss, dermatitis,
growth retardation of hair and
nails, decline of blood lipids,
anemia, hormonal imbalance,
low immunity, changes in
digestion and appetite,
infertility, weak bone, chronic
fatigue syndrome
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Molybdenum Co–factor for the iron– and flavin–
containing enzymes that catalyse
hydroxylation
Legumes (peas and lentils) beans (kidney beans,
navy beans, and lima beans), nuts (almonds,
cashews, chestnuts, and peanuts), soy products
(soy milk, soybeans, and tofu), dairy products
(cheese and yogurt), leafy vegetables, tomatoes,
eggs, whole grains, liver
Deficiency difficult to induce Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
Chromium
Insulin action, carbohydrate, lipid and
nucleic acid metabolism
Meat, whole grain, fruits, vegetables, spices
Deficiency is rare
Marcus (2013),
Combet and
Buckton (2019)
(continued)
25 Bioavailability of Nutrients and Safety Measurements