441
Paiva SAR, Russell RM (1999) β-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants. J Am Coll Nutr
18(5):426–433
Pangestuti R, Kim SK (2011) Neuroprotective effects of marine algae. Mar Drugs 9:803–818
Paran E, Novack V, Engelhard YN, Hazan-Halevy I (2009) The effects of natural antioxidants
from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther
23:145–151
Park SY, Nomura SMY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN (2009) Carotenoid
intake and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. J Epidemiol 19(2):63–71
Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP (2010) Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and
inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond) 7:18
Parola M, Robino G (2001) Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol
35:297–306
Peerapornpisal Y, Amornlerdpison D, Jamjai U, Taesotikul T, Pongpaibul Y, Nualchareon M,
Kanjanapothi D (2010) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of brown marine alga,
Padina minor Yamada. Chiang Mai J Sci 37:507–516
Pisal DS, Lele SS (2005) Carotenoid production from microalga, Dunaliella salina. Indian J
Biotechnol 4:476–483
Pradas-Baena I, Moreno-Rojas JM, Luque de Castro MD (2015) Chapter 1: Effect of processing
on active compounds in fresh-cut vegetables. Elsevier, pp 3–10
Prasad KN, Chew LY, Kho HE, Yang B, Azalan A, Ismail A (2011) Carotenoids and antioxidant
capacities from Canarium odontophyllum Miq. fruit. Food Chem 124:1549–1555
Rafi MM, Kanakasabai S, Reyes MD, Bright JJ (2013) Lycopene modulates growth and survival
associated genes in prostate cancer. J Nutr Biochem 24:1724–1734
Rafi MM, Kanakasabai S, Gokarn SV, Bright JJ (2015) Dietary lutein modulates growth and survival genes in prostate cancer cells. J Med Food 18:173–181
Rajapakse N, Kim MM, Mendis E, Kim SK (2008) Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase
and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by carboxybutyrylated glucosamine tales place via down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinasemediated nuclear factor-κB signaling. Immunology 123:348–357
Rao AV, Agarwal S (1999) Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic
diseases: A Reviev. Nutr Res 19(2):305–323
Rao AV, Rao LG (2007) Carotenoids and human health. Pharmacol Res 55(3):207–216
Riccioni G, Gammone MA, D'Orazio N (2016) Carotenoids and cardiovascular prevention: an
update. J Nutr Food Sci 6(1):–441
Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT (2002) Lycopene, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227:900–907
Rock CL (2009) Chapter 13: Carotenoids and cancer. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen F, Pfander H
(eds) Carotenoids, Nutrition and Health, vol 5. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, ISBN 978-3-76437500-3, 269-286
Rodriguez-Amaya DB (1997) Carotenoids and food preparation: the retention of Provitamin A
carotenoids in prepared, processed, and stored foods. Department of Food Science Faculty of
Food Engineering, State University of Campinas. Brazil. John Snow, Inc./OMNI Project, p 93
Romanchik JE, Morel DW, Harrison EH (1995) Distributions of carotenoids and α-tocopherol
among lipoproteins do not change when human plasma is incubated in vitro. J Nutr
125:2610–2617
Rosen ED, MacDougald OA (2006) Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol
Cell Biol 7:885–896
Santos DT, Meireles MAA (2010) Carotenoid pigments encapsulation: fundamentals, techniques
and recent trends. Open Chem Eng J 4(1)
Sathasivam R, Ki JS (2018) A review of the biological activities of microalgal carotenoids and
their potential use in healthcare and cosmetic industries. Mar Drugs 16:26
20 Carotenoids as Functional Bioactive Compounds
Paiva SAR, Russell RM (1999) β-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants. J Am Coll Nutr
18(5):426–433
Pangestuti R, Kim SK (2011) Neuroprotective effects of marine algae. Mar Drugs 9:803–818
Paran E, Novack V, Engelhard YN, Hazan-Halevy I (2009) The effects of natural antioxidants
from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther
23:145–151
Park SY, Nomura SMY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN (2009) Carotenoid
intake and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. J Epidemiol 19(2):63–71
Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP (2010) Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and
inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond) 7:18
Parola M, Robino G (2001) Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol
35:297–306
Peerapornpisal Y, Amornlerdpison D, Jamjai U, Taesotikul T, Pongpaibul Y, Nualchareon M,
Kanjanapothi D (2010) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of brown marine alga,
Padina minor Yamada. Chiang Mai J Sci 37:507–516
Pisal DS, Lele SS (2005) Carotenoid production from microalga, Dunaliella salina. Indian J
Biotechnol 4:476–483
Pradas-Baena I, Moreno-Rojas JM, Luque de Castro MD (2015) Chapter 1: Effect of processing
on active compounds in fresh-cut vegetables. Elsevier, pp 3–10
Prasad KN, Chew LY, Kho HE, Yang B, Azalan A, Ismail A (2011) Carotenoids and antioxidant
capacities from Canarium odontophyllum Miq. fruit. Food Chem 124:1549–1555
Rafi MM, Kanakasabai S, Reyes MD, Bright JJ (2013) Lycopene modulates growth and survival
associated genes in prostate cancer. J Nutr Biochem 24:1724–1734
Rafi MM, Kanakasabai S, Gokarn SV, Bright JJ (2015) Dietary lutein modulates growth and survival genes in prostate cancer cells. J Med Food 18:173–181
Rajapakse N, Kim MM, Mendis E, Kim SK (2008) Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase
and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by carboxybutyrylated glucosamine tales place via down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinasemediated nuclear factor-κB signaling. Immunology 123:348–357
Rao AV, Agarwal S (1999) Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic
diseases: A Reviev. Nutr Res 19(2):305–323
Rao AV, Rao LG (2007) Carotenoids and human health. Pharmacol Res 55(3):207–216
Riccioni G, Gammone MA, D'Orazio N (2016) Carotenoids and cardiovascular prevention: an
update. J Nutr Food Sci 6(1):–441
Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT (2002) Lycopene, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227:900–907
Rock CL (2009) Chapter 13: Carotenoids and cancer. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen F, Pfander H
(eds) Carotenoids, Nutrition and Health, vol 5. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, ISBN 978-3-76437500-3, 269-286
Rodriguez-Amaya DB (1997) Carotenoids and food preparation: the retention of Provitamin A
carotenoids in prepared, processed, and stored foods. Department of Food Science Faculty of
Food Engineering, State University of Campinas. Brazil. John Snow, Inc./OMNI Project, p 93
Romanchik JE, Morel DW, Harrison EH (1995) Distributions of carotenoids and α-tocopherol
among lipoproteins do not change when human plasma is incubated in vitro. J Nutr
125:2610–2617
Rosen ED, MacDougald OA (2006) Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol
Cell Biol 7:885–896
Santos DT, Meireles MAA (2010) Carotenoid pigments encapsulation: fundamentals, techniques
and recent trends. Open Chem Eng J 4(1)
Sathasivam R, Ki JS (2018) A review of the biological activities of microalgal carotenoids and
their potential use in healthcare and cosmetic industries. Mar Drugs 16:26
20 Carotenoids as Functional Bioactive Compounds