403
19.5.6 Cardioprotective Activities of Polyphenols
The cardioprotective effects of phytochemicals (phenolics and/or flavonoids) which
occur naturally in medicinal plants have been reported (Kumar and Pandey 2013;
Craig 1999; Garjani et al. 2017; Dludla et al. 2017; Cook and Samman 1996). For
example, the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin, an extensively used anticancer drug for
breast cancer, leukemia and lymphoma with side effects including pericarditis,
arrhythmias, myocarditis and acute heart failure (Razavi-Azarkhiavi et al. 2016).
The cardio-protective effects of many phenolic compounds on the adverse effects
of doxorubicin on heart have also been studied (Razavi-Azarkhiavi et al. 2016).
They are recommended as antioxidant as solution to the side effects of this anticancer drug. The role of many phenolics and flavonoids in cardioprotection has been
attributed to their ability to inhibit generation of ROS, apoptosis, mitochondrial
dysfunction, NF-kB, p53 and DNA damage in an in vitro, in vivo and clinical study.
These phenolics and flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin, rutin and resveratrol) showed
efficacy against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin but do not have effect on the
activity of antitumour of this drug (Repo-Carrasco-Valencia et al. 2010; Morrison
2012; Han et al. 2012). Isorhamnetin, another interesting compound with report of
its cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin toxicity and served as anticancer
efficacy for the drug (Sun et al. 2013). Plant extracts contain phytochemicals,
which possess cardioprotective effects. Example include phenolic composition of
the methanolic extract from aerial part of Centaurea borysthenica Gruner and
Centaurea transcaucasica Sosn Ex Grossh) plants with cardiomyocytes protective
roles (Korga et al. 2017).
Alhaide et al. (2017) evaluated the cardioprotective effects of four varieties of
date palm fruits and the total phenolic, total flavonoid, in vivo myocardial infarction
and in vitro antioxidant capacity. The cardioprotective effects in the in vivo myocardial infarction study were attributed to the high flavonoid and phenolic contents in
the fruit extracts, which led to the mobilization of the circulating progenitor cells
from the bone marrow of the myocardial infarction animals, so as to promote tissue
repair from ischemic injury (Alhaider et al. 2017).
Tian et al. (2018) studies on the cardioprotective role of polyphenolic extract of
apple peel and apple flesh polyphenol in in vivo mice model on cardiovascular risk
factors revealed that the extract of apple peel exhibited higher cardioprotective
capacity than the apple flesh and this could be due to higher phenolic content and
higher flavonoids in apple peel (Tian et al. 2018). Another research on the aerial
part of aqueous extract from Marrubium vulgare L. against ischemia reperfusion
injury in vivo on their cardioprotective ability shows that the aqueous extract from
this plant provided cardioprotective potentials against cardiac injury on the animal
(Garjani et al. 2017). Two main compounds isolated from Aspalathus linearis
(Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren (i.e Aspalathin and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-ß-D-glucoside)
were observed to be potential cardioprotective compounds in myocardial infarction case caused by chronic hyperglycemia (Dludla et al. 2017). Polyphenolic
compounds such as cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gellanic acid, quercetin
19 Polyphenols: Classifications, Biosynthesis and Bioactivities
19.5.6 Cardioprotective Activities of Polyphenols
The cardioprotective effects of phytochemicals (phenolics and/or flavonoids) which
occur naturally in medicinal plants have been reported (Kumar and Pandey 2013;
Craig 1999; Garjani et al. 2017; Dludla et al. 2017; Cook and Samman 1996). For
example, the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin, an extensively used anticancer drug for
breast cancer, leukemia and lymphoma with side effects including pericarditis,
arrhythmias, myocarditis and acute heart failure (Razavi-Azarkhiavi et al. 2016).
The cardio-protective effects of many phenolic compounds on the adverse effects
of doxorubicin on heart have also been studied (Razavi-Azarkhiavi et al. 2016).
They are recommended as antioxidant as solution to the side effects of this anticancer drug. The role of many phenolics and flavonoids in cardioprotection has been
attributed to their ability to inhibit generation of ROS, apoptosis, mitochondrial
dysfunction, NF-kB, p53 and DNA damage in an in vitro, in vivo and clinical study.
These phenolics and flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin, rutin and resveratrol) showed
efficacy against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin but do not have effect on the
activity of antitumour of this drug (Repo-Carrasco-Valencia et al. 2010; Morrison
2012; Han et al. 2012). Isorhamnetin, another interesting compound with report of
its cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin toxicity and served as anticancer
efficacy for the drug (Sun et al. 2013). Plant extracts contain phytochemicals,
which possess cardioprotective effects. Example include phenolic composition of
the methanolic extract from aerial part of Centaurea borysthenica Gruner and
Centaurea transcaucasica Sosn Ex Grossh) plants with cardiomyocytes protective
roles (Korga et al. 2017).
Alhaide et al. (2017) evaluated the cardioprotective effects of four varieties of
date palm fruits and the total phenolic, total flavonoid, in vivo myocardial infarction
and in vitro antioxidant capacity. The cardioprotective effects in the in vivo myocardial infarction study were attributed to the high flavonoid and phenolic contents in
the fruit extracts, which led to the mobilization of the circulating progenitor cells
from the bone marrow of the myocardial infarction animals, so as to promote tissue
repair from ischemic injury (Alhaider et al. 2017).
Tian et al. (2018) studies on the cardioprotective role of polyphenolic extract of
apple peel and apple flesh polyphenol in in vivo mice model on cardiovascular risk
factors revealed that the extract of apple peel exhibited higher cardioprotective
capacity than the apple flesh and this could be due to higher phenolic content and
higher flavonoids in apple peel (Tian et al. 2018). Another research on the aerial
part of aqueous extract from Marrubium vulgare L. against ischemia reperfusion
injury in vivo on their cardioprotective ability shows that the aqueous extract from
this plant provided cardioprotective potentials against cardiac injury on the animal
(Garjani et al. 2017). Two main compounds isolated from Aspalathus linearis
(Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren (i.e Aspalathin and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-ß-D-glucoside)
were observed to be potential cardioprotective compounds in myocardial infarction case caused by chronic hyperglycemia (Dludla et al. 2017). Polyphenolic
compounds such as cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gellanic acid, quercetin
19 Polyphenols: Classifications, Biosynthesis and Bioactivities