402
flavonoids makes them to possess photo-protective effects, based on their iron chelating ability, averting the destructive effects against oxidative damage which can
destroy protein and lipids on cell membrane and also modulate several signaling
pathways such as the inhibition of xanthine oxidase which is considered as a source
of reactive oxygen species that contributes to oxidative stress (Ferrali et al. 1997;
Cos et al. 1998).
Authors have reported various methods for the treatment of skin diseases as well
as skin disorders caused by ultraviolet radiations with use of antioxidant ability of
phenolic compounds (Działo et al. 2016; Korác and Khambholja 2011). Ferrali
et al. (1997) reported the skin protective ability of apigenin, a major flavone found
in edible medicinal plants and beverages such as beer, chamomile tea and red wine.
Apple peel, onion skin and Hypericum perforatum leaves also contain flavonol,
such as quercetin and has been proved to inhibit skin damage induced by UVB, in
hairless mice. Similarly, extracts form Ginkgo biloba L. (EGb 761), which contains
high content of quercetin derivatives has been proved to reduce sun burn symptoms
in in vivo studies using UVB irradiated-skin mice model (Casagrande et al. 2006).
Sillymarin which is an extract of flavono-lignans obtained from the milk thistle
of the plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gearnt fruit contains silybin, a major active
component in the plant (Bijak 2017). Silymarin has been reported to stimulate the
repair of DNA damage caused by induced-UVB and prevent cell apoptosis in UVBexposed human epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts in in vitro study (Katiyar
et al. 2011). Another photo-protective isoflavone compound reported is genistein,
extracted from soybean and with the ability to inhibit UV induced DNA damage in
the skin of human and therefore prevents photocarcinogenesis as observed in in
vitro experiment (Moore et al. 2006). Wang et al. (2010) reported that genistein has
the ability of maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities and modulate mitochondrial
oxidative stress in human fibroblast on UVB induced senescence.
Equol is an isoflavonoid metabolite of the genistein or isoflavone daidzein produced from the gut of microflora (Setchell and Clerici 2010). Topical application of
equol can inhibit DNA photodamage, prevent UV induced erythema associated
with edema and prevent skin cancer when acting as sun-screen in hairless mice
(Widyarini 2006). Additionally, Choi et al. reported that ultraviolet UVB induced
photo aging in in vivo using hairless mice, in the evaluation of skin protective effects
of spent coffee revealed the coffee ground extract made up of flavonoids were able
to show protection on mouse skin by the down-regulating of matrix metalloproteinases (Choi et al. 2016). Kano et al. evaluated the photo-protective effects of isoflavones extracted from soy milk on the photo-damage of ovariectomized hairless
mice skin in a 28 days administration. Their report revealed that there was an
increase of isoflavone in the blood and skin of mice, which on the long run can
scavenge reactive oxygen species generated by UV irradiation and the effect can
also exert estrogenic activity. This in turn led to photo-protective effect on the skin
of the mice (Kano et al. 2016).
H. Tijjani et al.
flavonoids makes them to possess photo-protective effects, based on their iron chelating ability, averting the destructive effects against oxidative damage which can
destroy protein and lipids on cell membrane and also modulate several signaling
pathways such as the inhibition of xanthine oxidase which is considered as a source
of reactive oxygen species that contributes to oxidative stress (Ferrali et al. 1997;
Cos et al. 1998).
Authors have reported various methods for the treatment of skin diseases as well
as skin disorders caused by ultraviolet radiations with use of antioxidant ability of
phenolic compounds (Działo et al. 2016; Korác and Khambholja 2011). Ferrali
et al. (1997) reported the skin protective ability of apigenin, a major flavone found
in edible medicinal plants and beverages such as beer, chamomile tea and red wine.
Apple peel, onion skin and Hypericum perforatum leaves also contain flavonol,
such as quercetin and has been proved to inhibit skin damage induced by UVB, in
hairless mice. Similarly, extracts form Ginkgo biloba L. (EGb 761), which contains
high content of quercetin derivatives has been proved to reduce sun burn symptoms
in in vivo studies using UVB irradiated-skin mice model (Casagrande et al. 2006).
Sillymarin which is an extract of flavono-lignans obtained from the milk thistle
of the plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gearnt fruit contains silybin, a major active
component in the plant (Bijak 2017). Silymarin has been reported to stimulate the
repair of DNA damage caused by induced-UVB and prevent cell apoptosis in UVBexposed human epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts in in vitro study (Katiyar
et al. 2011). Another photo-protective isoflavone compound reported is genistein,
extracted from soybean and with the ability to inhibit UV induced DNA damage in
the skin of human and therefore prevents photocarcinogenesis as observed in in
vitro experiment (Moore et al. 2006). Wang et al. (2010) reported that genistein has
the ability of maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities and modulate mitochondrial
oxidative stress in human fibroblast on UVB induced senescence.
Equol is an isoflavonoid metabolite of the genistein or isoflavone daidzein produced from the gut of microflora (Setchell and Clerici 2010). Topical application of
equol can inhibit DNA photodamage, prevent UV induced erythema associated
with edema and prevent skin cancer when acting as sun-screen in hairless mice
(Widyarini 2006). Additionally, Choi et al. reported that ultraviolet UVB induced
photo aging in in vivo using hairless mice, in the evaluation of skin protective effects
of spent coffee revealed the coffee ground extract made up of flavonoids were able
to show protection on mouse skin by the down-regulating of matrix metalloproteinases (Choi et al. 2016). Kano et al. evaluated the photo-protective effects of isoflavones extracted from soy milk on the photo-damage of ovariectomized hairless
mice skin in a 28 days administration. Their report revealed that there was an
increase of isoflavone in the blood and skin of mice, which on the long run can
scavenge reactive oxygen species generated by UV irradiation and the effect can
also exert estrogenic activity. This in turn led to photo-protective effect on the skin
of the mice (Kano et al. 2016).
H. Tijjani et al.