401
anti-inflammatory effect of these blueberry samples were tested using lipopolysaccharide induced RAW 264.7 macrophages; anti-inflammatory potential of the polyphenol fractions were in the same trend phenolic their phenolic acid contents (Su
et al. 2017). Likewise the anti-inflammatory activity, and evaluation of total phenolic content as well as the total flavonoid content of different fractions of Bidens
engleri and Boerhavia erecta were evaluated (Compaore et al. 2018).
Dichloromethane solvent was observed to extract flavonoid compounds more and
the fraction exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory effect, via COX-2 and LOX-15
inhibition.
19.5.4 Anti-microbial Properties of Polyphenols
Polyphenols possess anti-microbial properties according to evidences obtained
from studies using plant polyphenols. These properties of polyphenol are believed
to be beneficial to health from the consumption of food rich in polyphenols such as
vegetables, fruits and other plant-derived products. Food is the main source of polyphenols, which when consumed pass through the gut. Selma et al. (2009) suggested
that such phytochemicals could modify the microbes in the gut and influence their
biological activity. Similarly, it has been observed that the plant-derived phytochemicals could also convert the colonic microbiota to active bio-compounds,
which can influence the host health (Selma et al. 2009). Such health issues underline
one aspect of a wider, more important and complex relationship between microbes,
plant products and animal species.
This might affect the interpretation of the phenolics in their consideration as real
antibacterial chemicals in human life. Some phenolic compounds and flavonoids
such as quinic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid have been proved
to be potent antimicrobial compounds against typical microbial strains which affect
the human respiratory system or urinary tract system, including Candida species
(Chirumbolo 2010). Galangin, which is a flavonoid compound, has been reported to
inhibit the replication of the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram negative bacteria) by suppressing the bacterial enzyme DNA-B helicase (Gordon and
Wareham 2010).
19.5.5 Skin Protective Effect of Polyphenols
Over exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause harm to the skin. It induces extensive production of reactive oxygen species and eventually causes skin damages
(Ichihashi et al. 2003). However, there are several strategies applicable for skin
protection. Phytochemical compound, especially phenolics and flavonoids is one of
the most interesting choices that exhibit beneficial effects on UV-irradiated skin
(Svobodová et al. 2003; Korác and Khambholja 2011). The antioxidant ability of
19 Polyphenols: Classifications, Biosynthesis and Bioactivities
anti-inflammatory effect of these blueberry samples were tested using lipopolysaccharide induced RAW 264.7 macrophages; anti-inflammatory potential of the polyphenol fractions were in the same trend phenolic their phenolic acid contents (Su
et al. 2017). Likewise the anti-inflammatory activity, and evaluation of total phenolic content as well as the total flavonoid content of different fractions of Bidens
engleri and Boerhavia erecta were evaluated (Compaore et al. 2018).
Dichloromethane solvent was observed to extract flavonoid compounds more and
the fraction exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory effect, via COX-2 and LOX-15
inhibition.
19.5.4 Anti-microbial Properties of Polyphenols
Polyphenols possess anti-microbial properties according to evidences obtained
from studies using plant polyphenols. These properties of polyphenol are believed
to be beneficial to health from the consumption of food rich in polyphenols such as
vegetables, fruits and other plant-derived products. Food is the main source of polyphenols, which when consumed pass through the gut. Selma et al. (2009) suggested
that such phytochemicals could modify the microbes in the gut and influence their
biological activity. Similarly, it has been observed that the plant-derived phytochemicals could also convert the colonic microbiota to active bio-compounds,
which can influence the host health (Selma et al. 2009). Such health issues underline
one aspect of a wider, more important and complex relationship between microbes,
plant products and animal species.
This might affect the interpretation of the phenolics in their consideration as real
antibacterial chemicals in human life. Some phenolic compounds and flavonoids
such as quinic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid have been proved
to be potent antimicrobial compounds against typical microbial strains which affect
the human respiratory system or urinary tract system, including Candida species
(Chirumbolo 2010). Galangin, which is a flavonoid compound, has been reported to
inhibit the replication of the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram negative bacteria) by suppressing the bacterial enzyme DNA-B helicase (Gordon and
Wareham 2010).
19.5.5 Skin Protective Effect of Polyphenols
Over exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause harm to the skin. It induces extensive production of reactive oxygen species and eventually causes skin damages
(Ichihashi et al. 2003). However, there are several strategies applicable for skin
protection. Phytochemical compound, especially phenolics and flavonoids is one of
the most interesting choices that exhibit beneficial effects on UV-irradiated skin
(Svobodová et al. 2003; Korác and Khambholja 2011). The antioxidant ability of
19 Polyphenols: Classifications, Biosynthesis and Bioactivities