400
ether, 6-methoxyluteolin isovitexin and hispidulin were also isolated and tested
(Moharram et al. 2017).
Ma and his team examined the anti-inflammatory ability of the polyphenolic
fractions of sixteen cultivars of Chinese blueberry against tumor necrosis-(THF-)
and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The anti-inflammatory effect of these blueberry samples
were tested using lipopolysaccharide induced RAW 264.7 macrophages; antiinflammatory potential of the polyphenol fractions were in the same trend phenolic
their phenolic acid contents (Su et al. 2017). Likewise the anti-inflammatory activity, and evaluation of total phenolic content as well as the total flavonoid content of
different fractions of Bidens engleri and Boerhavia erecta were evaluated (Compaore
et al. 2018). Dichloromethane solvent was observed to extract flavonoid compounds
more and the fraction exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory effect, via COX-2 and
LOX-15 inhibition.
Macrophages have been documented to maintain the balance in pro- inflammatory
and anti-inflammatory activities by controlling the switches in immune systems.
Polyphenols extracted from roasted cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) lower proinflammatory cytokine secretion significantly in in vitro THP-1 cells and also promotes oxidative stress by suppressing inflammation which led to ATP production as
a result of increase in oxygen consumption (Dugo et al. 2017). In vitro evaluation of
anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of rhizome in astilbin (dihydroflavonol) from Smilax glabra was conducted by Lu et al., (2015). The result obtained
revealed the suppression of nitric oxide production, TNF-a, tumor necrosis in factor- a as well as expression of mRNA inducible nitric oxide synthase in tested cells
(Lu et al. 2015).
A number of works have been conducted on the effect of flavonoid and other
phenolics on their immune boosting effects and anti-inflammatory functions
(Middleton 1998; Locatelli et al. 2018). Kumar and Pandey (2013) reported the
anti-inflammatory potentials of some flavonoid compounds such as apigenin, hesperidin, luteolin and quercetin. The anti-inflammatory properties for different cultivars of the extract of Lonicera caerulea L. was investigated, by focusing on the
pro-inflammatory cytokines, using in vitro human monocytic cell line THP-1
derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (Vasantha et al. 2015). Their
result revealed that Borealis cultivar of haskap berry exhibited anti-inflammatory
effect, which is comparable to diclofenac drug. This anti-inflammatory effect was
due to the presence of high concentration of phenolic compounds like flavonoid and
anthocyanin (Vasantha et al. 2015). The polyphenolic compounds of Gaillardia
grandiflora Hort. and Gaillardia pulchella Foug were similarly observed to possess
anti-inflammatory effect with no toxicological effect in mice model. The newly
reported compound, 8-hydroxyapigenin 6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1″′→6″)-C-β-D4
C 1 -glucopyranoside, from G. grandiflora and other known compound which
include luteolin 6-C-ß-D-4C1-glucopyranoside 8-methyl ether, schaftoside, isoorientin, apigenin 6-C-ß-D-4C1- glucopyranoside 8-methyl ether, 6-methoxyluteolin
isovitexin and hispidulin were also isolated and tested (Moharram et al. 2017).
The anti-inflammatory ability of the polyphenolic fractions of sixteen cultivars
of Chinese blueberry against tumor necrosis-(THF-) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The
H. Tijjani et al.
ether, 6-methoxyluteolin isovitexin and hispidulin were also isolated and tested
(Moharram et al. 2017).
Ma and his team examined the anti-inflammatory ability of the polyphenolic
fractions of sixteen cultivars of Chinese blueberry against tumor necrosis-(THF-)
and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The anti-inflammatory effect of these blueberry samples
were tested using lipopolysaccharide induced RAW 264.7 macrophages; antiinflammatory potential of the polyphenol fractions were in the same trend phenolic
their phenolic acid contents (Su et al. 2017). Likewise the anti-inflammatory activity, and evaluation of total phenolic content as well as the total flavonoid content of
different fractions of Bidens engleri and Boerhavia erecta were evaluated (Compaore
et al. 2018). Dichloromethane solvent was observed to extract flavonoid compounds
more and the fraction exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory effect, via COX-2 and
LOX-15 inhibition.
Macrophages have been documented to maintain the balance in pro- inflammatory
and anti-inflammatory activities by controlling the switches in immune systems.
Polyphenols extracted from roasted cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) lower proinflammatory cytokine secretion significantly in in vitro THP-1 cells and also promotes oxidative stress by suppressing inflammation which led to ATP production as
a result of increase in oxygen consumption (Dugo et al. 2017). In vitro evaluation of
anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of rhizome in astilbin (dihydroflavonol) from Smilax glabra was conducted by Lu et al., (2015). The result obtained
revealed the suppression of nitric oxide production, TNF-a, tumor necrosis in factor- a as well as expression of mRNA inducible nitric oxide synthase in tested cells
(Lu et al. 2015).
A number of works have been conducted on the effect of flavonoid and other
phenolics on their immune boosting effects and anti-inflammatory functions
(Middleton 1998; Locatelli et al. 2018). Kumar and Pandey (2013) reported the
anti-inflammatory potentials of some flavonoid compounds such as apigenin, hesperidin, luteolin and quercetin. The anti-inflammatory properties for different cultivars of the extract of Lonicera caerulea L. was investigated, by focusing on the
pro-inflammatory cytokines, using in vitro human monocytic cell line THP-1
derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (Vasantha et al. 2015). Their
result revealed that Borealis cultivar of haskap berry exhibited anti-inflammatory
effect, which is comparable to diclofenac drug. This anti-inflammatory effect was
due to the presence of high concentration of phenolic compounds like flavonoid and
anthocyanin (Vasantha et al. 2015). The polyphenolic compounds of Gaillardia
grandiflora Hort. and Gaillardia pulchella Foug were similarly observed to possess
anti-inflammatory effect with no toxicological effect in mice model. The newly
reported compound, 8-hydroxyapigenin 6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1″′→6″)-C-β-D4
C 1 -glucopyranoside, from G. grandiflora and other known compound which
include luteolin 6-C-ß-D-4C1-glucopyranoside 8-methyl ether, schaftoside, isoorientin, apigenin 6-C-ß-D-4C1- glucopyranoside 8-methyl ether, 6-methoxyluteolin
isovitexin and hispidulin were also isolated and tested (Moharram et al. 2017).
The anti-inflammatory ability of the polyphenolic fractions of sixteen cultivars
of Chinese blueberry against tumor necrosis-(THF-) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The
H. Tijjani et al.