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(1) in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) the pancreas stopped producing or produces
very little amount of insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar level. In
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) the body is not able to control sugar concentration in the blood. Probiotics benefit in normalising disturbed metabolism (altered
gut flora) in diabetic patients. They minimise preprandial glucose and level of
insulin depending on the species, probiotic dosage and efficacy. In diabetes, disturbance in microbiota composition, insulin resistance in the host occur through:
input of energy rich diet; changed lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue,
modulation of glucagon-like peptide and gut peptide secretion; activation of the
lipopolysaccharide; and alteration in intestinal barrier rigidity through glucagonlike peptide.
In T2DM, there is a reduction of bacteria producing butyrate in the GIT. The
alteration in gut microbiota occurs due to dietary intolerance involving excessive
fat, refined carbohydrate or fructose which initiates an immune response due to
augmented permeability of intestine resulting in bacteria migrating into the general
circulation. In the hypothalamus increased insulin resistance leads to increased food
intake due to decreased satiety resulting in increased body weight. This leads to
inflammation and immune cell infiltration in organs sensitive to insulin precipitating
insulin resistance.
In T1DM, altered thickness of microvilli and the space between microvilli facilitates entry of LPS and bacterial fragment through intestinal barrier and it binds
toll-like receptors that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Probiotics like
Lactobacillus optimisises the gut microbiota by increasing the adhesion of proteins
like beta-catenin and E-cadherin by protein kinase. The pathogen Enterobacteriaceae
species is reduced by the probiotics Bifidobacterium animalis present in the mucosa
of small intestine and adipose tissue reducing its adherence in the intestine and further shifting to the adipose tissue. Probiotics Lactobacillus johnsonii motivate T
helper (Th) cell differentiation in mesenteric gland to develop immunity for protection of T1DM (Shah and Swami 2017). Probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
species diminish preprandial blood glucose, insulin and enhance glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin resistance. Cucurbita ficifolia (a type of pumpkin)
and yoghurt probiotics alone or together can blood sugar (Campbell 2017).
10.7.4 Obesity
The gut microbes in obese and lean individuals vary. But when obese people lose
their weight, the gut microflora tends to be like the microflora present in gut of lean
people. High fibre diets have lower fat and energy and are quite beneficial in reducing weight by promoting satiety. In the lean and obese individuals, gut microbes
influence the energy balance by affecting efficiency of calorie harvested from the
diet, utilization and storage of harvested energy.
10 Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics and Its Importance in the Management of Diseases
(1) in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) the pancreas stopped producing or produces
very little amount of insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar level. In
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) the body is not able to control sugar concentration in the blood. Probiotics benefit in normalising disturbed metabolism (altered
gut flora) in diabetic patients. They minimise preprandial glucose and level of
insulin depending on the species, probiotic dosage and efficacy. In diabetes, disturbance in microbiota composition, insulin resistance in the host occur through:
input of energy rich diet; changed lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue,
modulation of glucagon-like peptide and gut peptide secretion; activation of the
lipopolysaccharide; and alteration in intestinal barrier rigidity through glucagonlike peptide.
In T2DM, there is a reduction of bacteria producing butyrate in the GIT. The
alteration in gut microbiota occurs due to dietary intolerance involving excessive
fat, refined carbohydrate or fructose which initiates an immune response due to
augmented permeability of intestine resulting in bacteria migrating into the general
circulation. In the hypothalamus increased insulin resistance leads to increased food
intake due to decreased satiety resulting in increased body weight. This leads to
inflammation and immune cell infiltration in organs sensitive to insulin precipitating
insulin resistance.
In T1DM, altered thickness of microvilli and the space between microvilli facilitates entry of LPS and bacterial fragment through intestinal barrier and it binds
toll-like receptors that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Probiotics like
Lactobacillus optimisises the gut microbiota by increasing the adhesion of proteins
like beta-catenin and E-cadherin by protein kinase. The pathogen Enterobacteriaceae
species is reduced by the probiotics Bifidobacterium animalis present in the mucosa
of small intestine and adipose tissue reducing its adherence in the intestine and further shifting to the adipose tissue. Probiotics Lactobacillus johnsonii motivate T
helper (Th) cell differentiation in mesenteric gland to develop immunity for protection of T1DM (Shah and Swami 2017). Probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
species diminish preprandial blood glucose, insulin and enhance glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin resistance. Cucurbita ficifolia (a type of pumpkin)
and yoghurt probiotics alone or together can blood sugar (Campbell 2017).
10.7.4 Obesity
The gut microbes in obese and lean individuals vary. But when obese people lose
their weight, the gut microflora tends to be like the microflora present in gut of lean
people. High fibre diets have lower fat and energy and are quite beneficial in reducing weight by promoting satiety. In the lean and obese individuals, gut microbes
influence the energy balance by affecting efficiency of calorie harvested from the
diet, utilization and storage of harvested energy.
10 Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics and Its Importance in the Management of Diseases