167
9.5 Summary and Conclusion
Vitamins and minerals are essential substances for the normal functioning and
development of the body. There are two classes of vitamins namely: Fat-soluble and
Water-soluble vitamins. The known vitamins include A, C, D, E, and K, and the B
vitamins: thiamin (B 1 ), riboflavin (B 2 ), niacin (B 3 ), pantothenic acid (B 5 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), cyanocobalamin (B 12 ), biotin, and folate/folic acid. A number of minerals
are essential for health: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, sulfur, cobalt, copper, fluoride, manganese, and selenium.
The essential minerals of the body are divided into two viz-a-viz: macrominerals
and trace minerals. The trace minerals are those that are required in small amounts
by the body but do not imply they have little significance to the body. Micronutrients
satisfy both the qualitative and quantitative requirements in the human diet and are
consumed in moderate amounts.
References
Abbaspour N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R (2014) Review on iron and its importance for human health.
J Res Med Sci: Off J Isfahan Univ Med Sci 19(2):164
Abrha T, Girma Y, Haile K, Hailu M, Hailemariam M (2016) Prevalence and associated factors
of clinical manifestations of vitamin a deficiency among preschool children in asgede-tsimbla
rural district, North Ethiopia, a community based cross sectional study. Arch Public Health
74(1):4
Advisory Committee on Technology Innovations (1975) Burití palm. In: Underexploited tropical
plants with promising economic value. Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee
on Technology Innovations, Board on Science and Technology for International Development,
Commission on International Relations. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences,
pp 133–137
Allen LH, Dror DK (2018) Introduction to current knowledge on micronutrients in human milk:
adequacy, analysis, and need for research. Adv Nutr 9(suppl_1):275S–277S
Allen MJ, Sharma S (2019) Magnesium. [Updated 2019 Apr 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK519036/
Anderson RA (2000) Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab
26(1):22–27
Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM (1992) Dietary chromium intake: freely chosen diets,
institutional diets and individual foods. Biol Trace Elem Res 32:117–121
Angelova MG, Petkova-Marinova TV, Pogorielov MV, Loboda AN, Nedkova-Kolarova VN,
Bozhinova AN (2014) Trace element status (iron, zinc, copper, chromium, cobalt, and nickel)
in iron-deficiency anaemia of children under 3 years. Anemia 2014:1–8
Ankar A, Kumar A (2019) Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Cobalamin) [Updated 2019 Jan 11]. In:
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/
Arai H, Sakuma M (2015) Bone and nutrition. Bone and phosphorus intake. Clin Calcium
25(7):967–972
Aschner JL, Aschner M (2005) Nutritional aspects of manganese homeostasis. Mol Asp Med
26:353–362
9 Vitamins and Minerals: Types, Sources and their Functions
9.5 Summary and Conclusion
Vitamins and minerals are essential substances for the normal functioning and
development of the body. There are two classes of vitamins namely: Fat-soluble and
Water-soluble vitamins. The known vitamins include A, C, D, E, and K, and the B
vitamins: thiamin (B 1 ), riboflavin (B 2 ), niacin (B 3 ), pantothenic acid (B 5 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), cyanocobalamin (B 12 ), biotin, and folate/folic acid. A number of minerals
are essential for health: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, sulfur, cobalt, copper, fluoride, manganese, and selenium.
The essential minerals of the body are divided into two viz-a-viz: macrominerals
and trace minerals. The trace minerals are those that are required in small amounts
by the body but do not imply they have little significance to the body. Micronutrients
satisfy both the qualitative and quantitative requirements in the human diet and are
consumed in moderate amounts.
References
Abbaspour N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R (2014) Review on iron and its importance for human health.
J Res Med Sci: Off J Isfahan Univ Med Sci 19(2):164
Abrha T, Girma Y, Haile K, Hailu M, Hailemariam M (2016) Prevalence and associated factors
of clinical manifestations of vitamin a deficiency among preschool children in asgede-tsimbla
rural district, North Ethiopia, a community based cross sectional study. Arch Public Health
74(1):4
Advisory Committee on Technology Innovations (1975) Burití palm. In: Underexploited tropical
plants with promising economic value. Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee
on Technology Innovations, Board on Science and Technology for International Development,
Commission on International Relations. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences,
pp 133–137
Allen LH, Dror DK (2018) Introduction to current knowledge on micronutrients in human milk:
adequacy, analysis, and need for research. Adv Nutr 9(suppl_1):275S–277S
Allen MJ, Sharma S (2019) Magnesium. [Updated 2019 Apr 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK519036/
Anderson RA (2000) Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab
26(1):22–27
Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM (1992) Dietary chromium intake: freely chosen diets,
institutional diets and individual foods. Biol Trace Elem Res 32:117–121
Angelova MG, Petkova-Marinova TV, Pogorielov MV, Loboda AN, Nedkova-Kolarova VN,
Bozhinova AN (2014) Trace element status (iron, zinc, copper, chromium, cobalt, and nickel)
in iron-deficiency anaemia of children under 3 years. Anemia 2014:1–8
Ankar A, Kumar A (2019) Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Cobalamin) [Updated 2019 Jan 11]. In:
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/
Arai H, Sakuma M (2015) Bone and nutrition. Bone and phosphorus intake. Clin Calcium
25(7):967–972
Aschner JL, Aschner M (2005) Nutritional aspects of manganese homeostasis. Mol Asp Med
26:353–362
9 Vitamins and Minerals: Types, Sources and their Functions