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the daily requirement is of 4–10 mg. It is excreted in the bile and the pancreatic
juice. Its deficiency causes a defective bone formation and leads to glucose intolerance, alopecia, reddening of hair and dermatitis. Toxicity symptoms include functional abnormalities of the central nervous system (Pallauf et al. 2012).
9.4.2.8 Fluoride
It is obtained from seafood, vegetables, grains, tea, coffee (Moody et al. 1980) and
fluorinated water (Buzalaf et al. 2001). It is necessary for the mineralization of
bones, the development of the dental polish and the aversion of dental caries. Dental
caries can be prevented by the fluoridation of water and the addition of fluorides to
toothpaste. Fluoride salts can be administered to children in the form of drops, tablets, and mouthwash. Toxicity leads to dental fluorosis (Iheozor-Ejiofor et al. 2013).
9.4.2.9 Iodine
Sources of iodine include seafood, iodized salts, eggs, dairy products and water. It
is an essential element for the normal growth and development of the body. Iodine
is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency occurs in
nearly 2.6 billion individuals. Various degrees of iodine deficiency affect 50 million
children worldwide (Ershow et al. 2016). Iodine cannot be stored in the body and
requires a lifetime intake in tiny amounts. Common salt fortified with iodine can be
used as an effective intervention for a long time. Iodine deficiency can lead to the
development of goiter. The daily-recommended dietary allowance of iodine is 40
microgram/day. It is used also as antiseptic, as skin disinfectant prescribed in the
form of povidone-iodine (Durani and Leaper 2008).
9.4.2.10 Selenium
Selenium is a mineral with antineoplastic effects against colon cancer, breast cancer
and possibly other malignancies (Hoffmann and Berry 2008). It is a natural antioxidant (Gaman et al. 2014). The amount of selenium present in food depends on how
much selenium was found in the soil where the food had grown. It is obtained from
animal and vegetal products. The richest food sources of selenium include muscle
meat, cereals, grains, and dairy products like eggs. It partakes in the activity of
metallo-enzymes and protein synthesis, prevents liver necrosis, stimulates pancreatic lipase secretion and is involved ATP generation. Selenium deficiency causes
hemolytic anaemia, muscle necrosis, and cardiomyopathy. The excess of selenium
causes toxicity-dermatitis, loss of hair and gives a garlic odour in breath
(Rayman 2012).
M. Akram et al.
the daily requirement is of 4–10 mg. It is excreted in the bile and the pancreatic
juice. Its deficiency causes a defective bone formation and leads to glucose intolerance, alopecia, reddening of hair and dermatitis. Toxicity symptoms include functional abnormalities of the central nervous system (Pallauf et al. 2012).
9.4.2.8 Fluoride
It is obtained from seafood, vegetables, grains, tea, coffee (Moody et al. 1980) and
fluorinated water (Buzalaf et al. 2001). It is necessary for the mineralization of
bones, the development of the dental polish and the aversion of dental caries. Dental
caries can be prevented by the fluoridation of water and the addition of fluorides to
toothpaste. Fluoride salts can be administered to children in the form of drops, tablets, and mouthwash. Toxicity leads to dental fluorosis (Iheozor-Ejiofor et al. 2013).
9.4.2.9 Iodine
Sources of iodine include seafood, iodized salts, eggs, dairy products and water. It
is an essential element for the normal growth and development of the body. Iodine
is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency occurs in
nearly 2.6 billion individuals. Various degrees of iodine deficiency affect 50 million
children worldwide (Ershow et al. 2016). Iodine cannot be stored in the body and
requires a lifetime intake in tiny amounts. Common salt fortified with iodine can be
used as an effective intervention for a long time. Iodine deficiency can lead to the
development of goiter. The daily-recommended dietary allowance of iodine is 40
microgram/day. It is used also as antiseptic, as skin disinfectant prescribed in the
form of povidone-iodine (Durani and Leaper 2008).
9.4.2.10 Selenium
Selenium is a mineral with antineoplastic effects against colon cancer, breast cancer
and possibly other malignancies (Hoffmann and Berry 2008). It is a natural antioxidant (Gaman et al. 2014). The amount of selenium present in food depends on how
much selenium was found in the soil where the food had grown. It is obtained from
animal and vegetal products. The richest food sources of selenium include muscle
meat, cereals, grains, and dairy products like eggs. It partakes in the activity of
metallo-enzymes and protein synthesis, prevents liver necrosis, stimulates pancreatic lipase secretion and is involved ATP generation. Selenium deficiency causes
hemolytic anaemia, muscle necrosis, and cardiomyopathy. The excess of selenium
causes toxicity-dermatitis, loss of hair and gives a garlic odour in breath
(Rayman 2012).
M. Akram et al.