Biomass-based fuels, especially ethanol and biodiesel, are one of the best options for
replacing fossil oil in the transport sector. However, the share of biofuels in the
transport sector in 2017 was only 3%, with a total contribution of 3.5 EJ. World
Bioenergy Association (WBA) estimation data shows that the utilization of all major
crop residues can generate approximately 4.3 billion tonnes of energy (low estimate)
to 9.4 billion tonnes of energy (high estimate) annually around the world (WBA
2019). Globally, 11 million individuals were working in the renewable energy
industry by the end of 2018. Bioenergy was the second largest employer globally
with approximately 3.2 million individuals employed in the bioenergy supply chain.
12.3.6 Nuclear Power
Nuclear power seeks to harness the power of the atom, either by splitting heavy
elements apart in fission reactions or by merging light elements in fusion reactions.
Nuclear technology is a primary base-load power-generating source and accounted
for 10.5% of global power generation in 2017. The countries like the USA, France,
Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, Canada, and Ukraine are known to possess
significant amount of nuclear power capacity. In fact, these countries account for
about 84% of the world’s total installed nuclear power capacity. Nevertheless, the
USA and France are leading in the nuclear power market in terms of nuclear power
generation. However, the world nuclear electrical generating capacity is projected to
increase to 554 GW(e) by 2030 and to 874 GW(e) by 2050 in the high case. This
represents a 42% increase over current levels by 2030 and a doubling of capacity by
2050 (IAEA 2018).
12.3.7 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Many forecasts predict a continued significant role for fossil fuels in meeting global
energy demand to 2020 or even 2050 and beyond. In this context, CCS is potentially
a key technology for mitigating emissions of CO 2 from these fuel sources. CCS has
only recently emerged as a low-carbon supply-side perspective technology. CCS
involves abating the emissions from power plants and other industries by chemically
capturing or separating the CO 2 , transporting it to a storage site, and injecting it for
long-term storage in sealed geological formations. Depending on capture technology, CO 2 is captured from flue gases, from the fuel before combustion, or directly
from the combustion process. CCS technology can capture up to 90% of CO 2
emissions from the fossil fuels used in electricity production and industrial
operations, preventing the carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. The global
CCS market size was 61,150-kt in 2015. The national governments of various
countries, primarily in North America and the European Union, are promoting
their drive to mitigate climate change with a keen focus on the power sector source
of around 40% of CO 2 emissions.
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S. Prasad et al.
replacing fossil oil in the transport sector. However, the share of biofuels in the
transport sector in 2017 was only 3%, with a total contribution of 3.5 EJ. World
Bioenergy Association (WBA) estimation data shows that the utilization of all major
crop residues can generate approximately 4.3 billion tonnes of energy (low estimate)
to 9.4 billion tonnes of energy (high estimate) annually around the world (WBA
2019). Globally, 11 million individuals were working in the renewable energy
industry by the end of 2018. Bioenergy was the second largest employer globally
with approximately 3.2 million individuals employed in the bioenergy supply chain.
12.3.6 Nuclear Power
Nuclear power seeks to harness the power of the atom, either by splitting heavy
elements apart in fission reactions or by merging light elements in fusion reactions.
Nuclear technology is a primary base-load power-generating source and accounted
for 10.5% of global power generation in 2017. The countries like the USA, France,
Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, Canada, and Ukraine are known to possess
significant amount of nuclear power capacity. In fact, these countries account for
about 84% of the world’s total installed nuclear power capacity. Nevertheless, the
USA and France are leading in the nuclear power market in terms of nuclear power
generation. However, the world nuclear electrical generating capacity is projected to
increase to 554 GW(e) by 2030 and to 874 GW(e) by 2050 in the high case. This
represents a 42% increase over current levels by 2030 and a doubling of capacity by
2050 (IAEA 2018).
12.3.7 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Many forecasts predict a continued significant role for fossil fuels in meeting global
energy demand to 2020 or even 2050 and beyond. In this context, CCS is potentially
a key technology for mitigating emissions of CO 2 from these fuel sources. CCS has
only recently emerged as a low-carbon supply-side perspective technology. CCS
involves abating the emissions from power plants and other industries by chemically
capturing or separating the CO 2 , transporting it to a storage site, and injecting it for
long-term storage in sealed geological formations. Depending on capture technology, CO 2 is captured from flue gases, from the fuel before combustion, or directly
from the combustion process. CCS technology can capture up to 90% of CO 2
emissions from the fossil fuels used in electricity production and industrial
operations, preventing the carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. The global
CCS market size was 61,150-kt in 2015. The national governments of various
countries, primarily in North America and the European Union, are promoting
their drive to mitigate climate change with a keen focus on the power sector source
of around 40% of CO 2 emissions.
274
S. Prasad et al.