Table 6.3
Chemicals derived from lignin through different conversion methods
Feedstock
Lignin (soluble /
insoluble)
Conversion method
Catalyst used
Value-added chemicals
References
Lignin
Klason birch lignin Heterogeneous
hydrogenolysis
Pd/C
4-n-propanolsyringol
Lan et al. (2018)
Oxidized birch
lignin
Ni/MgAlO-C
Mixed aromatics
Wang et al. (2018)
Alkali lignin
Pd/C + CrCl
3
Monomeric phenols
Shu et al. (2018)
Olive tree lignin
Ni10%Al-SBA
Monomers, dimmers, and trimers
Toledano et al.
(2014)
Poplar sawdust
Pd/C-H
3 PO
4
Monomeric phenols
Renders et al. (2016)
Vanillin
Pd/PRGO/Ce-MOF
2-Methoxy-4-methyl phenol
Ibrahim et al. (2017)
Acetophenone
FeNiB
Ethylbenzene
Regmi et al. (2018)
Diphenyl ether
Ru/C
Mixed aromatics
Wu et al. (2018a)
Organosolv lignin
ZnIn
2 S
4
p-hydroxyl
acetophenone
Luo et al. (2017a, b)
1,3-Dilignol
[Ru(Cl)(H)(PPh
3 )
3 )
3 ]
Guaiacol
vom Stein et al.
(2015)
Guaiacylglycerolguaiacyl ether
Vanadium Schiff-base catalysts
Monomeric phenols
Parker et al. (2016)
Benzophenone
[Pd(tpy)Cl]Cl
Diphenylmethane
DeLucia et al. (2018)
Lignin (soluble and
insoluble)
Gasification
CaO, MgO, K
2 CO
3 , Na
2 CO
3
CO, CO
2 , H
2 , CH
4
Li et al. (2015)
Pyrolysis
K
2 CO
3 , Na
2 CO
3 , CaO, Al
2 O
3 ,
Fe
2 O
3 , Ni/Al
2 O
3 , Rh/CeO
2 /SiO
2
Bio-gases (C
1
–C 4 hydrocarbons),
bio-oils, bio-chars
Carrier et al. (2017)
and Collard and Blin
(2014)
Acid hydrolysis
depolymerization
Mineral acids (HCl, H
2 SO
4 , H
3 PO
4 ),
Lewis acids (metal chlorides, metal
triflates, metal oxides), acidic
zeolites, organic acids, acidic ionic
liquids, etc.
Lignin monomers and dimers,
including phenols, alkylphenols,
aromatic aldehydes, aromatic acids
Deepa and Dhepe
(2014) and Deuss
et al. (2016)
(continued)
6 Sustainable Biorefinery Technologies for Agro-Residues: Challenges and. . .
117
Chemicals derived from lignin through different conversion methods
Feedstock
Lignin (soluble /
insoluble)
Conversion method
Catalyst used
Value-added chemicals
References
Lignin
Klason birch lignin Heterogeneous
hydrogenolysis
Pd/C
4-n-propanolsyringol
Lan et al. (2018)
Oxidized birch
lignin
Ni/MgAlO-C
Mixed aromatics
Wang et al. (2018)
Alkali lignin
Pd/C + CrCl
3
Monomeric phenols
Shu et al. (2018)
Olive tree lignin
Ni10%Al-SBA
Monomers, dimmers, and trimers
Toledano et al.
(2014)
Poplar sawdust
Pd/C-H
3 PO
4
Monomeric phenols
Renders et al. (2016)
Vanillin
Pd/PRGO/Ce-MOF
2-Methoxy-4-methyl phenol
Ibrahim et al. (2017)
Acetophenone
FeNiB
Ethylbenzene
Regmi et al. (2018)
Diphenyl ether
Ru/C
Mixed aromatics
Wu et al. (2018a)
Organosolv lignin
ZnIn
2 S
4
p-hydroxyl
acetophenone
Luo et al. (2017a, b)
1,3-Dilignol
[Ru(Cl)(H)(PPh
3 )
3 )
3 ]
Guaiacol
vom Stein et al.
(2015)
Guaiacylglycerolguaiacyl ether
Vanadium Schiff-base catalysts
Monomeric phenols
Parker et al. (2016)
Benzophenone
[Pd(tpy)Cl]Cl
Diphenylmethane
DeLucia et al. (2018)
Lignin (soluble and
insoluble)
Gasification
CaO, MgO, K
2 CO
3 , Na
2 CO
3
CO, CO
2 , H
2 , CH
4
Li et al. (2015)
Pyrolysis
K
2 CO
3 , Na
2 CO
3 , CaO, Al
2 O
3 ,
Fe
2 O
3 , Ni/Al
2 O
3 , Rh/CeO
2 /SiO
2
Bio-gases (C
1
–C 4 hydrocarbons),
bio-oils, bio-chars
Carrier et al. (2017)
and Collard and Blin
(2014)
Acid hydrolysis
depolymerization
Mineral acids (HCl, H
2 SO
4 , H
3 PO
4 ),
Lewis acids (metal chlorides, metal
triflates, metal oxides), acidic
zeolites, organic acids, acidic ionic
liquids, etc.
Lignin monomers and dimers,
including phenols, alkylphenols,
aromatic aldehydes, aromatic acids
Deepa and Dhepe
(2014) and Deuss
et al. (2016)
(continued)
6 Sustainable Biorefinery Technologies for Agro-Residues: Challenges and. . .
117