Table 6.3
(continued)
Feedstock
Lignin (soluble /
insoluble)
Conversion method
Catalyst used
Value-added chemicals
References
Lignin (soluble and
insoluble)
Base hydrolysis
depolymerization
NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2 , LiOH,
NaCO
3 , KCO
3 , CaO, hydroxytalcite
(HTC), basic zeolites, basic ionic
liquids, etc.
Lignin monomers and dimers,
including phenols, alkylphenols,
aromatic aldehydes, aromatic acids,
etc.)
Dabral et al. (2018)
and Katahira et al.
(2016)
Reductive
conversion
Metals or bimetals (e.g., Ni, NiMo,
CoMo, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, PdZn) on
various supports (e.g., C, SiO
2 ,
Al
2 O
3 , CeO
2 , TiO
2 ,MgO, and
zeolites, etc.)
Phenols, alkylphenols, alkyl
benzenes, linear and branched
hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons
Chen et al. (2016)
and Klein et al.
(2016)
Oxidative
conversion
Metal chlorides (e.g. CuCl
2 , FeCl
3 ,
CoCl
2 , LaCl
3 ), metal sulphates
(e.g. CuSO
4 , CoSO
4 , Fe
2 (SO
4 )
3 ),
metal oxides (e.g., CuO, Fe
2 O
3 ,
TiO
2 ), Pt or Pd supported on Al
2 O
3 ,
CeO
2 , TiO
2 , etc.
Aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, and
acids
Behling et al. (2016)
and Prado et al.
(2016)
Alkaline lignin
Oxidation
Pd/Al
2 O
3
Phenolic aldehyde
Sales et al. (2006)
Steam-explosive
cornstalk
LaCo
1 xCuxO
3
Phenolic aldehyde
Deng et al. (2010)
kraft lignin
H
3 PMo
12 O
40
Phenolic aldehyde
Voitl and Rudolf von
Rohr (2008); Voitl
and Rohr (2009)
Veratryl alcohol
Co(salen)
Phenolic aldehyde
Kervinen et al.
(2005)
Veratryl alcohol
Mn(TSPP)Cl
Phenolic aldehyde
Kumar et al. (2007)
Vanillyl alcohol
MTO
Phenolic aldehydes
Crestini et al. (2005,
2006)
118
D. Ramesh et al.