Ngatamariki the drilling started in 1985. In Nagatamariki field, the 80 MWe Ormat
plant was commissioned in 2013 in partnership with local Maorilantras.
Modest growth has been observed in New Zealand in its geothermal potential in
subsequent years, mostly because of the stable consumption of electricity and
limited demand for any extra generating power. The country mounted a 25 MW
binary cycle network at Te Ahi O Maui in 2018. Unlike others of its kind, this
relatively small power plant can drain large amounts of geothermal water from the
geothermal source: three extraction wells and two injection wells draw and pump as
much as 15,000 tons of water per day (Eastland Group 2018). Initially considered a
22 MW plant, it was subsequently raised to 25 MW, which lowered project costs per
megawatt to 5.45 million USD (REN21 2019). In 2018, geothermal energy contributed 17% of electricity generation in New Zealand (OECD/IEA 2019).
Mexico
Throughout Mexico, geothermal power is often used exclusively for power generation, as its direct applications are undergoing growth and are mostly limited to
balneology and swimming. Mexico’s potential operates in four geothermal areas,
namely Prieto, Los Humerus, Cerro, Los Azufres, and Las Tres Virgenes. In 2016,
the total geothermal electric power in Mexico was estimated to be 1005
megawatts (MW).
The amount of power generated from geothermal energy is 2.71%, compared to
40.70% from hydrocarbons. Cerro Prieto is the largest and most influential geothermal region in action in Mexico, situated in the northern region of Mexico, with
13 condensing systems installed in 1973. The geothermal area of Cerro lies in
tectonic basins formed between two effective strike slip faults that belong to the
fault zone of San Andreas. Continental crust thinning in the area has induced thermal
phenomena. The geothermal waters are found in 2400-m-thick sedimentary formations. In three decades more than 350 geothermal wells have been drilled in Cerro
Prieto, to depths greater than 4400 m. The second largest geothermal region active in
Mexico is Los Azufres, situated in the central part of the nation and about 250 km
from the cities of Mexico, occurring inside the pine forest of the Mexican volcano
bed physiographic region. In 1982, the very first power system in this region was
constructed, and there are approximately 14 active systems with a combined capacity of 1888 MW.
Indonesia
More than 200 volcanoes are clustered across Indonesia’s eastern region of Java,
Sumatra, the islands, and Bali, regarded as the “Ring of Fire.” Indonesia has the
largest geothermal energy potential opportunities in the world from the large accumulation of geothermal systems with high temperatures. Indonesia reportedly contains 256 possible geothermal areas. Geothermal projects are currently run from
seven locations with a total output capacity equal to 1380 MW, including Dieng,
Darajat, Gunung Salak, Kamojang, Wayang Windu, Sibayak, and Lahen Dong.
With development of Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE), the subsidiary of
Pertamina State Oil and Gas Company and National Research Institute, the direct
250
K. Yadav et al.
plant was commissioned in 2013 in partnership with local Maorilantras.
Modest growth has been observed in New Zealand in its geothermal potential in
subsequent years, mostly because of the stable consumption of electricity and
limited demand for any extra generating power. The country mounted a 25 MW
binary cycle network at Te Ahi O Maui in 2018. Unlike others of its kind, this
relatively small power plant can drain large amounts of geothermal water from the
geothermal source: three extraction wells and two injection wells draw and pump as
much as 15,000 tons of water per day (Eastland Group 2018). Initially considered a
22 MW plant, it was subsequently raised to 25 MW, which lowered project costs per
megawatt to 5.45 million USD (REN21 2019). In 2018, geothermal energy contributed 17% of electricity generation in New Zealand (OECD/IEA 2019).
Mexico
Throughout Mexico, geothermal power is often used exclusively for power generation, as its direct applications are undergoing growth and are mostly limited to
balneology and swimming. Mexico’s potential operates in four geothermal areas,
namely Prieto, Los Humerus, Cerro, Los Azufres, and Las Tres Virgenes. In 2016,
the total geothermal electric power in Mexico was estimated to be 1005
megawatts (MW).
The amount of power generated from geothermal energy is 2.71%, compared to
40.70% from hydrocarbons. Cerro Prieto is the largest and most influential geothermal region in action in Mexico, situated in the northern region of Mexico, with
13 condensing systems installed in 1973. The geothermal area of Cerro lies in
tectonic basins formed between two effective strike slip faults that belong to the
fault zone of San Andreas. Continental crust thinning in the area has induced thermal
phenomena. The geothermal waters are found in 2400-m-thick sedimentary formations. In three decades more than 350 geothermal wells have been drilled in Cerro
Prieto, to depths greater than 4400 m. The second largest geothermal region active in
Mexico is Los Azufres, situated in the central part of the nation and about 250 km
from the cities of Mexico, occurring inside the pine forest of the Mexican volcano
bed physiographic region. In 1982, the very first power system in this region was
constructed, and there are approximately 14 active systems with a combined capacity of 1888 MW.
Indonesia
More than 200 volcanoes are clustered across Indonesia’s eastern region of Java,
Sumatra, the islands, and Bali, regarded as the “Ring of Fire.” Indonesia has the
largest geothermal energy potential opportunities in the world from the large accumulation of geothermal systems with high temperatures. Indonesia reportedly contains 256 possible geothermal areas. Geothermal projects are currently run from
seven locations with a total output capacity equal to 1380 MW, including Dieng,
Darajat, Gunung Salak, Kamojang, Wayang Windu, Sibayak, and Lahen Dong.
With development of Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE), the subsidiary of
Pertamina State Oil and Gas Company and National Research Institute, the direct
250
K. Yadav et al.