use of geothermal energy in Indonesia is beginning to expand, with the introduction
of the Kamojang Mushroom Harvesting venture. Other uses of geothermal energy
are the production of white copra and palm sugar; this does not include the numerous
spas and balneology facilities. Several other organizations are progressing in
research of the direct uses of geothermal for the purification of Akarwangi (the
key raw ingredient for perfume). The use of geothermal heat pumps in the nation is
not intensive.
Philippines
At present the country is next to the USA with an established capacity for geothermal
production of the order of 1915 MW. Geothermal energy contributes about 14% of
the total electricity requirement for the country. A road map that has been prepared
by the National Power Corporation (NPC) depicts the utilization of geothermal
resources between 2013 and 2030. Between 2013 and 2015, installation of
100 MW is planned, with an employment capacity of 2006 employees. Research
is continuing to optimise and improve the geothermal power plant efficiency and
energy conversion. Important work on policy changes and development of all the
asset-generating NPCs has taken place during the past 5 years. The Makben, Laguna/
Batangas/Quezon, are the Philippine geothermal development corporation geothermal energy plants, of Ink PGPC. In 1975, a maximum of 130 wells was drilled in
these regions.
Croatia
In 2018 Croatia installed its first geothermal power plant, placing sixth in the world
for new energy. The Velika Ciglena farms of the region produce 17.5 MW power
from a medium-enthalpy geothermal resource. The thermal reservoir was discovered
in 1990 during an inadequate search for oil resources (Turboden 2018b). Croatia
aims to develop geothermal energy further in an attempt to increase the proportion of
renewable energy sources in its energy mix (Igor Ilic 2019). In recent times, the
geothermal industry in the Philippines has seen minimal development but in 2018
the country installed its first new geothermal pant of 12 MW with the extension of
Maibarara-2 (Lenie Lectura 2018). The Philippines concluded 2018 with the net
operating capacity of 1.93 GW (Power Supply and Demand Highlights 2017).
United States of America
The geothermal resources are used in all forms of electricity generation and for direct
usages in the US. Primary energy use includes balneology, greenhouses and fish
farming facilities, room heating and cooling, snow melting, forestry, commercial
applications, and heat pumps. The nation’s 88% annual energy consumption is for
geothermal heat pump, followed by the highest use of aquaculture and balneology.
During the previous 5 years with managing the profits and losses the direct usage of
geothermal resources has remained unchanged; heat pumps are mounted with an
estimated growth of 8% with 1.4 million (of 12 kW) in service (Boyd et al. 2015).
The United States continues to be the world leader by a broad margin in installed
geothermal power efficiency. The nation placed around 58 MW in three locations in
2018 with a net annual operating capacity of 254 GW (EIA 2019). One introduction
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
251
of the Kamojang Mushroom Harvesting venture. Other uses of geothermal energy
are the production of white copra and palm sugar; this does not include the numerous
spas and balneology facilities. Several other organizations are progressing in
research of the direct uses of geothermal for the purification of Akarwangi (the
key raw ingredient for perfume). The use of geothermal heat pumps in the nation is
not intensive.
Philippines
At present the country is next to the USA with an established capacity for geothermal
production of the order of 1915 MW. Geothermal energy contributes about 14% of
the total electricity requirement for the country. A road map that has been prepared
by the National Power Corporation (NPC) depicts the utilization of geothermal
resources between 2013 and 2030. Between 2013 and 2015, installation of
100 MW is planned, with an employment capacity of 2006 employees. Research
is continuing to optimise and improve the geothermal power plant efficiency and
energy conversion. Important work on policy changes and development of all the
asset-generating NPCs has taken place during the past 5 years. The Makben, Laguna/
Batangas/Quezon, are the Philippine geothermal development corporation geothermal energy plants, of Ink PGPC. In 1975, a maximum of 130 wells was drilled in
these regions.
Croatia
In 2018 Croatia installed its first geothermal power plant, placing sixth in the world
for new energy. The Velika Ciglena farms of the region produce 17.5 MW power
from a medium-enthalpy geothermal resource. The thermal reservoir was discovered
in 1990 during an inadequate search for oil resources (Turboden 2018b). Croatia
aims to develop geothermal energy further in an attempt to increase the proportion of
renewable energy sources in its energy mix (Igor Ilic 2019). In recent times, the
geothermal industry in the Philippines has seen minimal development but in 2018
the country installed its first new geothermal pant of 12 MW with the extension of
Maibarara-2 (Lenie Lectura 2018). The Philippines concluded 2018 with the net
operating capacity of 1.93 GW (Power Supply and Demand Highlights 2017).
United States of America
The geothermal resources are used in all forms of electricity generation and for direct
usages in the US. Primary energy use includes balneology, greenhouses and fish
farming facilities, room heating and cooling, snow melting, forestry, commercial
applications, and heat pumps. The nation’s 88% annual energy consumption is for
geothermal heat pump, followed by the highest use of aquaculture and balneology.
During the previous 5 years with managing the profits and losses the direct usage of
geothermal resources has remained unchanged; heat pumps are mounted with an
estimated growth of 8% with 1.4 million (of 12 kW) in service (Boyd et al. 2015).
The United States continues to be the world leader by a broad margin in installed
geothermal power efficiency. The nation placed around 58 MW in three locations in
2018 with a net annual operating capacity of 254 GW (EIA 2019). One introduction
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
251