Italy
Italy generally uses geothermal potential for electricity generation, and all systems
are situated in Tuskuny in the key prominent areas of Mt. Amiata and LarderlloTravale. Geothermal generation capacity as built in 2016 is 940 MW. The positive
outcomes of the deep drilling and a careful and aware management of resources
through reinjection systems and chemical enhancement helped to increase steam
generation in the Larderllo-Travale, considering the long and rigorous history of
mining. During the time span 2009–2013, five new units were built. After several
years Enelgreen Power had obtained approval to restart drilling and development
operations in the Mt. Amiata field. In 2009–2013, 31 geothermal wells were drilled
in the entire geothermal area totalling approximately 100,000 meters (m), and
26 AMIS systems were constructed and are currently in service. Enel constructed
the first hybrid geothermal-biomass electricity station in Italy in 2015 with increase
in production from 12 MW to 17.5 MW of power for all plants in the region.
New Zealand
In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand led the world in the development of waterdominated geothermal resources. The harmony of growth in New Zealand deteriorated in the later period of the twenty-first century given the large and small coastal
Maui gas field that offered a conveniently exploitable energy source. Mostly with
reduction of gas and hydrocarbon alternatives, New Zealand has encouraged geothermal growth in the country. At present the geothermal potential of New Zealand is
about 970 MWe, producing between 12% and 15% of the total production based on
the season of year. By comparison, direct implementations are the best practical
choice for uses. Geothermal heat pump construction is recorded in the coldest areas
of the southern island, such as in Queenstown, to large homes in the warmer north, as
in Oakland.
Although the most general use is for balneology, lesser amounts are used for
heating water, and sometimes in direct application for frost prevention and agriculture. The variety and significance of demand grows for the higher enthalpy tools
available in the volcanic region of Taupo, which involves greenhouse heating, prawn
cultivation, powdered milk, and a special growth of tourism.
In November 2008, Wairakei installed the first turbo-generator. Throughout the
years, the plant has undergone several changes, the current alteration being the
construction of a 14 MWe net or matched binary cycle system. For reinjection
activities, the geothermal separated water below to the area close to the facility is
widely used. At the initial Wairakei location, the gross effective generating capacity
has become 176 MWe.
The next major development is the Tauhara field, which has a 20 MW steam
supply. A 23 MW Ormat binary power plant was commissioned in 2010. The other
two binary plants are Ohaaki and Moki. The acceleration in the development process
has brought improvement in the capacity of the Kawerau field, which is subject to
the longest commercial development. In Rotokawa and Ngatamariki, good prospects
are identified, and drilling has shown the potential for electricity generation at higher
capacity. The earliest drilling at Rotokawa was undertaken in 1965 whereas in
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
249
Italy generally uses geothermal potential for electricity generation, and all systems
are situated in Tuskuny in the key prominent areas of Mt. Amiata and LarderlloTravale. Geothermal generation capacity as built in 2016 is 940 MW. The positive
outcomes of the deep drilling and a careful and aware management of resources
through reinjection systems and chemical enhancement helped to increase steam
generation in the Larderllo-Travale, considering the long and rigorous history of
mining. During the time span 2009–2013, five new units were built. After several
years Enelgreen Power had obtained approval to restart drilling and development
operations in the Mt. Amiata field. In 2009–2013, 31 geothermal wells were drilled
in the entire geothermal area totalling approximately 100,000 meters (m), and
26 AMIS systems were constructed and are currently in service. Enel constructed
the first hybrid geothermal-biomass electricity station in Italy in 2015 with increase
in production from 12 MW to 17.5 MW of power for all plants in the region.
New Zealand
In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand led the world in the development of waterdominated geothermal resources. The harmony of growth in New Zealand deteriorated in the later period of the twenty-first century given the large and small coastal
Maui gas field that offered a conveniently exploitable energy source. Mostly with
reduction of gas and hydrocarbon alternatives, New Zealand has encouraged geothermal growth in the country. At present the geothermal potential of New Zealand is
about 970 MWe, producing between 12% and 15% of the total production based on
the season of year. By comparison, direct implementations are the best practical
choice for uses. Geothermal heat pump construction is recorded in the coldest areas
of the southern island, such as in Queenstown, to large homes in the warmer north, as
in Oakland.
Although the most general use is for balneology, lesser amounts are used for
heating water, and sometimes in direct application for frost prevention and agriculture. The variety and significance of demand grows for the higher enthalpy tools
available in the volcanic region of Taupo, which involves greenhouse heating, prawn
cultivation, powdered milk, and a special growth of tourism.
In November 2008, Wairakei installed the first turbo-generator. Throughout the
years, the plant has undergone several changes, the current alteration being the
construction of a 14 MWe net or matched binary cycle system. For reinjection
activities, the geothermal separated water below to the area close to the facility is
widely used. At the initial Wairakei location, the gross effective generating capacity
has become 176 MWe.
The next major development is the Tauhara field, which has a 20 MW steam
supply. A 23 MW Ormat binary power plant was commissioned in 2010. The other
two binary plants are Ohaaki and Moki. The acceleration in the development process
has brought improvement in the capacity of the Kawerau field, which is subject to
the longest commercial development. In Rotokawa and Ngatamariki, good prospects
are identified, and drilling has shown the potential for electricity generation at higher
capacity. The earliest drilling at Rotokawa was undertaken in 1965 whereas in
11 Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
249