expansion stage, increasing the plant capacity to 150 MW (IRENA 2018). The total
production of the country was 0.68 GW at the end of 2018 (IRENA 2018).
Geothermal development in Africa is centred towards the East African Rift Basin,
spreading from Djibouti mostly on the southern Gulf of Aden through Ethopia,
Kenya, and Tazania to Malawai, where the broad Tanganyika and Malawi Lakes
outline much of the rift features that make the region rich in geothermal potential
(Wood and Guth 2019). Numerous ventures were assigned in Ethiopia and Kenya in
2018 (Peter Omenda 2018). Nevertheless, geothermal potential development in
Eastern Africa was already hampered by considerable cost and business risks as
opposed to other regions that are rich in geothermal resources. Other barriers include
insufficient exploration funding and grant support, insufficient qualified human
resources, and a lack of consistent, coherent policy and regulations across the
country.
Iceland
The geothermal resources in Iceland are located in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geothermal energy accounts for about 69% of Iceland’s major energy demand. In the
twentieth century, geothermal energy was used for space heating, followed by other
similar uses. The district system is by far the most significant usage, providing 90%
of all room space heating used in the region. Many direct applications include warm
water in balneology, snow melting, agricultural uses, greenhouse effect, and aquaculture. In the villages and cities of the country, approximately 30 geothermal space
heating systems are operational. In addition, about 200 small networks are running in
rural areas. In Reykzavik the geothermal space heating network is the largest in the
country, including more than 87861 people or more than 67% of the population in
Iceland. In the nation there are more than 225 balneology facilities of which 150 are
heated by geothermal water. The geothermal resource is the main industrial usage of
a seaweed drying process in Thorverk, situated in west Iceland. Many industrial uses
include the use of geothermal resources to extract salt from the oceans. The common
uses include geothermal greenhouse warming and aquaculture. Geothermal heat
pumps are utilised to complement northern Iceland’s district heating network.
Iceland has an established capacity for geothermal production in the magnitude of
755 MW.
The Teistareykir 90 MW geothermal electricity plant was established in 2018,
with the second of two installed 45 MW phases (National Power Company of
Iceland Landsvirkjun 2018). Iceland has also seen the initial output of electricity
from a collection of low-enthalpy, binary cycle power systems (Charlotte Becker
2019). Iceland was historically a prominent generator of high-enthalpy geothermal
energy. This construction was therefore incorporated to use low-enthalpy energy of
about 100
C (Varmaorka 2018). Iceland’s 753 MW of geothermal energy capacity
including thermal cogeneration for space heating and district water accounted for
about 31% of the country’s power production in 2018 (Energy Statistics in Iceland
2017).
248
K. Yadav et al.
production of the country was 0.68 GW at the end of 2018 (IRENA 2018).
Geothermal development in Africa is centred towards the East African Rift Basin,
spreading from Djibouti mostly on the southern Gulf of Aden through Ethopia,
Kenya, and Tazania to Malawai, where the broad Tanganyika and Malawi Lakes
outline much of the rift features that make the region rich in geothermal potential
(Wood and Guth 2019). Numerous ventures were assigned in Ethiopia and Kenya in
2018 (Peter Omenda 2018). Nevertheless, geothermal potential development in
Eastern Africa was already hampered by considerable cost and business risks as
opposed to other regions that are rich in geothermal resources. Other barriers include
insufficient exploration funding and grant support, insufficient qualified human
resources, and a lack of consistent, coherent policy and regulations across the
country.
Iceland
The geothermal resources in Iceland are located in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geothermal energy accounts for about 69% of Iceland’s major energy demand. In the
twentieth century, geothermal energy was used for space heating, followed by other
similar uses. The district system is by far the most significant usage, providing 90%
of all room space heating used in the region. Many direct applications include warm
water in balneology, snow melting, agricultural uses, greenhouse effect, and aquaculture. In the villages and cities of the country, approximately 30 geothermal space
heating systems are operational. In addition, about 200 small networks are running in
rural areas. In Reykzavik the geothermal space heating network is the largest in the
country, including more than 87861 people or more than 67% of the population in
Iceland. In the nation there are more than 225 balneology facilities of which 150 are
heated by geothermal water. The geothermal resource is the main industrial usage of
a seaweed drying process in Thorverk, situated in west Iceland. Many industrial uses
include the use of geothermal resources to extract salt from the oceans. The common
uses include geothermal greenhouse warming and aquaculture. Geothermal heat
pumps are utilised to complement northern Iceland’s district heating network.
Iceland has an established capacity for geothermal production in the magnitude of
755 MW.
The Teistareykir 90 MW geothermal electricity plant was established in 2018,
with the second of two installed 45 MW phases (National Power Company of
Iceland Landsvirkjun 2018). Iceland has also seen the initial output of electricity
from a collection of low-enthalpy, binary cycle power systems (Charlotte Becker
2019). Iceland was historically a prominent generator of high-enthalpy geothermal
energy. This construction was therefore incorporated to use low-enthalpy energy of
about 100
C (Varmaorka 2018). Iceland’s 753 MW of geothermal energy capacity
including thermal cogeneration for space heating and district water accounted for
about 31% of the country’s power production in 2018 (Energy Statistics in Iceland
2017).
248
K. Yadav et al.