Dyderski MK, Paź S, Frelich LE, Jagodziński AM (2018) How much does climate change threaten
European forest tree species distributions? Glob Change Biol 24(3):1150–1163
Endler C, Oehler K, Matzarakis A (2010) Vertical gradient of climate change and climate tourism
conditions in the Black Forest. Int J Biometeorol 54(1):45–61
Estiarte M, Peñuelas J (2015) Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter
deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency. Glob Chang Biol 21
(3):1005–1017
Fisher JI, Richardson AD, Mustard JF (2007) Phenology model from surface meteorology does not
capture satellite-based greenup estimations. Glob Chang Biol 13(3):707–721
Flynn DFB, Wolkovich EM (2018) Temperature and photoperiod drive spring phenology across all
species in a temperate forest community. New Phytol 219(4):1353–1362
Frankie GW, Baker HG, Opler PA (1974) Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet
and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica. J Ecol 62:881–919
Gaira KS, Rawal RS, Rawat B, Bhatt ID (2014) Impact of climate change on the flowering of
Rhododendron arboreum in central Himalaya, India. Curr Sci 106:1735–1738
Gu L, Post WM, Baldocchi D, Black TA, Verma SB, Vesala T, Wofsy SC (2003) Phenology of
vegetation photosynthesis. In: Phenology: An integrative environmental science. Springer,
Dordrecht, pp 467–485
Hall CM, Scott D, Gössling S (2011) Forests, climate change and tourism. J Herit Tour 6
(4):353–363
Hanewinkel M, Cullmann DA, Schelhaas MJ, Nabuurs GJ, Zimmermann NE (2013) Climate
change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land. Nat Clim Change
3(3):203–207
Hänninen H (2016) Boreal and temperate trees in a changing climate. In: Biometeorology. Springer,
Dordrecht, Netherlands
Hua L, Wang H, Sui H, Wardlow B, Hayes MJ, Wang J (2019) Mapping the spatial-temporal
dynamics of vegetation response lag to drought in a semiarid region. Remote Sens 11(16):1873
Inouye DW (2008) Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of
montane wildflowers. Ecology 89(2):353–362
Jaworski T, Hilszczański J (2013) The effect of temperature and humidity changes on insects
development their impact on forest ecosystems in the expected climate change. For Res Pap 74
(4):345–355
Justiniano MJ, Fredericksen TS (2000) Phenology of tree species in Bolivian dry forests. Biotropica
32(2):276–281
Kemp PR (1983) Phenological patterns of Chihuahuan Desert plants in relation to the timing of
water availability. J Ecol 71:427–436
Kosmala M, Crall A, Cheng R, Hufkens K, Henderson S, Richardson AD (2016) Season Spotter:
Using citizen science to validate and scale plant phenology from near-surface remote sensing.
Remote Sens 8(9):726
Kramer K, Leinonen I, Loustau D (2000) The importance of phenology for the evaluation of impact
of climate change on growth of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests ecosystems: an
overview. Int J Biometeorol 44(2):67–75
Le Conte Y, Navajas M (2008) Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases.
Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties 27(2):499–510
Lieth H (1974) Purposes of a phenology book. In: Phenology and seasonality modeling. Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 3–19
Liu Q, Fu YH, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Liu Z, Huang M, Piao S (2016) Delayed autumn phenology in the
Northern Hemisphere is related to change in both climate and spring phenology. Global Change
Biol 22(11):3702–3711
Liu Q, Piao S, Fu YH, Gao M, Peñuelas J, Janssens IA (2019) Climatic warming increases spatial
synchrony in spring vegetation phenology across the Northern Hemisphere. Geophys Res Lett
46(3):1641–1650
8 Forest Phenology as an Indicator of Climate Change: Impact and Mitigation. . .
203
European forest tree species distributions? Glob Change Biol 24(3):1150–1163
Endler C, Oehler K, Matzarakis A (2010) Vertical gradient of climate change and climate tourism
conditions in the Black Forest. Int J Biometeorol 54(1):45–61
Estiarte M, Peñuelas J (2015) Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter
deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency. Glob Chang Biol 21
(3):1005–1017
Fisher JI, Richardson AD, Mustard JF (2007) Phenology model from surface meteorology does not
capture satellite-based greenup estimations. Glob Chang Biol 13(3):707–721
Flynn DFB, Wolkovich EM (2018) Temperature and photoperiod drive spring phenology across all
species in a temperate forest community. New Phytol 219(4):1353–1362
Frankie GW, Baker HG, Opler PA (1974) Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet
and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica. J Ecol 62:881–919
Gaira KS, Rawal RS, Rawat B, Bhatt ID (2014) Impact of climate change on the flowering of
Rhododendron arboreum in central Himalaya, India. Curr Sci 106:1735–1738
Gu L, Post WM, Baldocchi D, Black TA, Verma SB, Vesala T, Wofsy SC (2003) Phenology of
vegetation photosynthesis. In: Phenology: An integrative environmental science. Springer,
Dordrecht, pp 467–485
Hall CM, Scott D, Gössling S (2011) Forests, climate change and tourism. J Herit Tour 6
(4):353–363
Hanewinkel M, Cullmann DA, Schelhaas MJ, Nabuurs GJ, Zimmermann NE (2013) Climate
change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land. Nat Clim Change
3(3):203–207
Hänninen H (2016) Boreal and temperate trees in a changing climate. In: Biometeorology. Springer,
Dordrecht, Netherlands
Hua L, Wang H, Sui H, Wardlow B, Hayes MJ, Wang J (2019) Mapping the spatial-temporal
dynamics of vegetation response lag to drought in a semiarid region. Remote Sens 11(16):1873
Inouye DW (2008) Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of
montane wildflowers. Ecology 89(2):353–362
Jaworski T, Hilszczański J (2013) The effect of temperature and humidity changes on insects
development their impact on forest ecosystems in the expected climate change. For Res Pap 74
(4):345–355
Justiniano MJ, Fredericksen TS (2000) Phenology of tree species in Bolivian dry forests. Biotropica
32(2):276–281
Kemp PR (1983) Phenological patterns of Chihuahuan Desert plants in relation to the timing of
water availability. J Ecol 71:427–436
Kosmala M, Crall A, Cheng R, Hufkens K, Henderson S, Richardson AD (2016) Season Spotter:
Using citizen science to validate and scale plant phenology from near-surface remote sensing.
Remote Sens 8(9):726
Kramer K, Leinonen I, Loustau D (2000) The importance of phenology for the evaluation of impact
of climate change on growth of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests ecosystems: an
overview. Int J Biometeorol 44(2):67–75
Le Conte Y, Navajas M (2008) Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases.
Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties 27(2):499–510
Lieth H (1974) Purposes of a phenology book. In: Phenology and seasonality modeling. Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 3–19
Liu Q, Fu YH, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Liu Z, Huang M, Piao S (2016) Delayed autumn phenology in the
Northern Hemisphere is related to change in both climate and spring phenology. Global Change
Biol 22(11):3702–3711
Liu Q, Piao S, Fu YH, Gao M, Peñuelas J, Janssens IA (2019) Climatic warming increases spatial
synchrony in spring vegetation phenology across the Northern Hemisphere. Geophys Res Lett
46(3):1641–1650
8 Forest Phenology as an Indicator of Climate Change: Impact and Mitigation. . .
203