temperature. The harvesting period was also delayed for a week. In Japan and Korea,
the areas suitable for farming of apple had an average annual temperature about
7–13
C, and farming gradually shifted north because of heat injury (Kim et al. 2010;
Fujisawa and Kohayashi 2013).
Other Temperate Fruit Crops
In India the temperate zone is near the Himalayan regions: Jammu Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and some parts of
Nagaland. Monitoring by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reveals that
temperatures are increasing significantly, 0.05
C per year (Lal et al. 2018). In
Kashmir valley the average temperature has risen by 1.45
C in the past 28 years,
but in Jammu regions it has increased by 2.32
C (Ahmed and Lal 2015). Elevating
temperatures shift the temperate fruit crops towards upper elevations. In lower
elevations, for increasing temperature as well as precipitation, and unusual hailstorms in summer, plum, peach, and apricot fruits are heavily damaged (Choudhary
et al. 2015).
In pome and stone fruits, increasing temperature negatively affects key phases
such as erratic bud break, bud dormancy, and plant yield (Legave et al. 2013). In
most temperate fruits, when the chilling requirement is fulfilled, the bud is ready for
the flower bud burst (Hovarth et al. 2003). In apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.),
environmental factors strongly influence floral biology patterns of flower bud anomalies, drops, and oenological processes (Oukabali and Mahhou 2007; Legave et al.
2006). The warmer temperature results indeed in a trending of earlier harvest dates in
pears and peaches. In the Japanese persimmon, pigment development is important
for maturity indices because high temperatures impede coloration.
Strategies to Cope with Climate Change and Adaptation
To reduce large-scale losses, diversification of cropping pattern, choices of crops and
environment, and diversified farming can lead to sustainable adaptation strategies of
any cropping system under a changing climate scenario. Various functional models
for isolating early drought tolerance ability in fruit crops based on physiological
traits, including stomatal conductance, and actual transpiration have been deduced
(Kullaj et al. 2017). It has been established that the reproductive potential of a crop
depends on a higher rate of photosynthesis, which increases with various stresses
and accumulates photosynthate on a small leaf (Boominathan et al. 2004). Cellular
defense mechanisms such as epicuticular wax increase during stress conditions in
plants (Fich et al. 2016). In some crops, such as peach, a strategy including the most
promising traits such as flowering and adaptation of a specific combination of scion
and stock under climatic variations has been studied. As a plant changes its
4 Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Fruit Crops
89
the areas suitable for farming of apple had an average annual temperature about
7–13
C, and farming gradually shifted north because of heat injury (Kim et al. 2010;
Fujisawa and Kohayashi 2013).
Other Temperate Fruit Crops
In India the temperate zone is near the Himalayan regions: Jammu Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and some parts of
Nagaland. Monitoring by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reveals that
temperatures are increasing significantly, 0.05
C per year (Lal et al. 2018). In
Kashmir valley the average temperature has risen by 1.45
C in the past 28 years,
but in Jammu regions it has increased by 2.32
C (Ahmed and Lal 2015). Elevating
temperatures shift the temperate fruit crops towards upper elevations. In lower
elevations, for increasing temperature as well as precipitation, and unusual hailstorms in summer, plum, peach, and apricot fruits are heavily damaged (Choudhary
et al. 2015).
In pome and stone fruits, increasing temperature negatively affects key phases
such as erratic bud break, bud dormancy, and plant yield (Legave et al. 2013). In
most temperate fruits, when the chilling requirement is fulfilled, the bud is ready for
the flower bud burst (Hovarth et al. 2003). In apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.),
environmental factors strongly influence floral biology patterns of flower bud anomalies, drops, and oenological processes (Oukabali and Mahhou 2007; Legave et al.
2006). The warmer temperature results indeed in a trending of earlier harvest dates in
pears and peaches. In the Japanese persimmon, pigment development is important
for maturity indices because high temperatures impede coloration.
Strategies to Cope with Climate Change and Adaptation
To reduce large-scale losses, diversification of cropping pattern, choices of crops and
environment, and diversified farming can lead to sustainable adaptation strategies of
any cropping system under a changing climate scenario. Various functional models
for isolating early drought tolerance ability in fruit crops based on physiological
traits, including stomatal conductance, and actual transpiration have been deduced
(Kullaj et al. 2017). It has been established that the reproductive potential of a crop
depends on a higher rate of photosynthesis, which increases with various stresses
and accumulates photosynthate on a small leaf (Boominathan et al. 2004). Cellular
defense mechanisms such as epicuticular wax increase during stress conditions in
plants (Fich et al. 2016). In some crops, such as peach, a strategy including the most
promising traits such as flowering and adaptation of a specific combination of scion
and stock under climatic variations has been studied. As a plant changes its
4 Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Fruit Crops
89